Polymeric ionic salt catalysts and methods of producing thereof

A polymer selected from the group consisting of:

• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-ethyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-ethyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-ethyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-ethyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonated-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium iodide-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bromide-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-1-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-nitrate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-chloride-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bromide-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-iodide-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-bisulfate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium-acetate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-methyl-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-4-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-methyl-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-4-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-methyl-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-4-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-methyl-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholin-4-ium formate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triphenyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-phosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-1-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-piperdin-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-4-oxide-co-divinyl benzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-triethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)-ammonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-4-R8 boronate-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylR8 phosphonate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylR8 phosphonate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylR8 phosphonate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium nitrate-co-1-(4-vinylphenyl)methylR8 phosphonate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylchloride-co-1-methyl-2-vinyl-pyridinium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-morpholine-4-oxide-co-divinyl benzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylphenylR8 phosphonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylphenylR8 phosphonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-4-vinylphenylR8 phosphonate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-R8 methylcarboxylate-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-R8 methylcarboxylate-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-3-R8 methylcarboxylate-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 isophthalate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 isophthalate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-5-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 isophthalate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 acetate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium chloride-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 acetate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylbenzylamino)-R8 acetate-co-3-methyl-1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-3H-imidazol-1-ium acetate-co-divinylbenzene];
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenyl phosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium chloride-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium bisulfate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylmorpholinium acetate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene)
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium nitrate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzylmethylimidazolium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(styrene-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 phosphonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium acetate-co-divinylbenzene);
• poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium chloride-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate);
• poly(butyl-vinylimidazolium bisulfate-co-butylimidazolium bisulfate-co-4-vinylbenzeneR8 sulfonate);
• poly(benzyl alcohol-co-4-vinylbenzylalcohol R8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol);
• and
• poly(benzyl alcohol-co-4-vinylbenzylalcohol R8 sulfonate-co-vinylbenzyltriphenylphosphonium bisulfate-co-divinylbenzyl alcohol),
• wherein R8 is Li+, K+, N(H)4+, N(Me)4+, N(Et)4+, Zn2+, Mg2+, or Ca2+, and wherein Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ are each independently associated with at least two Bronsted-Lowry acids in conjugate base form on any acidic monomer.