Electrodes formed by oxidative chemical vapor deposition and related methods and devices

A photovoltaic cell, comprising:

• a first electrode;
• a second electrode;
• a photoactive material positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode;
• and
• a substrate, wherein the second electrode is positioned between the photoactive material and the substrate,
• wherein the first electrode is formed by or formable by polymerization of vapor phase precursors.

A method of forming a photovoltaic cell, comprising:

• providing a substrate;
• depositing a second electrode on the substrate;
• optionally depositing a second electrode buffer material on the second electrode;
• depositing a photoactive material on the second electrode or the optionally deposited second electrode buffer material;
• optionally depositing a first electrode buffer material on the photoactive material;
• and
• depositing, via oxidative chemical vapor deposition, a first electrode on the photoactive material or the optionally deposited first electrode buffer material.