Porous composite particulate materials, methods of making and using same, and related apparatuses

A separation apparatus, comprising:

• a vessel having an inlet and an outlet;
• and
• a porous composite particulate material disposed within the vessel, the porous composite particulate material including,
• a plurality of composite particles, at least some the plurality of composite particles including:
• a plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles forming a plurality of porous shell particle layers at least partially surrounding the acid-base-resistant core particle, wherein the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles include at least one of diamond or graphitic carbon;
• and
• at least one polymer that is acid-base-resistant, each of the plurality of porous shell particle layers bonded to an adjacent one of the plurality of porous shell particle layers by a respective layer of the at least one polymer.

A method for manufacturing a porous composite particulate material, the method comprising:

• providing a plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles and a plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles, the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles including at least one of diamond or graphitic carbon;
• coating at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles, at least a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles, or combinations thereof with an acid-base-resistant polymer material;
• and
• adhering a portion of the plurality of acid-base-resistant shell particles to each of the plurality of acid-base-resistant core particles with the acid-base-resistant polymer material to form a plurality of composite particles.