# US 2015/0147786 A1 · High force and high stress destructuring for starch biomass processing > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2015/0147786 A1 - Document ID: US20150147786A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 14/546,250 - Filed: 2014-11-18 - Published: 2015-05-28 - Earliest claimed: 2013-11-24 - Assignees: E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company - Applicants: E I Du Pont De Nemours and Company - Inventors: KATHLEEN A CLARKSON; F Glenn Gallagher; Aaron Perelman; Luis Fernando Romero Millan; Vivek Sharma; Jayarama K. Shetty; Daniel A. Slanac; Paula Johanna Maria Teunissen - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20150147786A1 ## CPC - C12P 19/14: produced by the action of a carbohydrase {(EC 3.2.x)}, e.g. by alpha-amylase {, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase} - A23K 10/30: from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms (obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes, e.g. using yeasts or enzymes, A23K10/10) - A23K 20/189: Enzymes - A61K 31/717: Celluloses - A61K 38/47: acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2), e.g. cellulases, lactases - C08B 30/02: Preparatory treatment, e.g. crushing of raw materials {or steeping process (machines for preliminary washing A23N)} - C08B 30/12: Degraded, {destructured} or non-chemically modified starch {, e.g. mechanically, enzymatically or by irradiation; Bleaching of starch (preparation of chemical derivatives of starch C08B31/00)} - C08H 8/00: Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials {(pretreatment thereof B27N)} - C12P 7/10: substrate containing cellulosic material - C12P 7/14: Multiple stages of fermentation; Multiple types of microorganisms or re-use of microorganisms - C12P 19/02: Monosaccharides (2-ketogulonic acid C12P7/60) - C12P 19/20: produced by the action of an exo-1,4 alpha-glucosidase, e.g. dextrose - C13K 1/02: obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials (manufacture of fodder A23K10/32) - C13K 13/002: {Xylose} - C12P 2201/00: Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis - C12Y 302/01004: Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase - Y02E 50/10: Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel - Y02P 60/87: Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production - C12P: FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE {(brewing of beer C12C; producing vinegar C12J; producing specific peptides or proteins C07K; producing enzymes C12N9/00; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification C12N15/00; measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or microorganisms C12Q; measuring or testing processes involving nucleic acid amplification reactions C12Q1/6844; fermentation processes to form a food composition, A21 or A23; compounds in general, see the relevant compound class, e.g. C01, C07)} - A23K: FODDER - A61K: PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES (devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms A61J3/00; chemical aspects of, or use of materials for deodorisation of air, for disinfection or sterilisation, or for bandages, dressings, absorbent pads or surgical articles A61L; soap compositions C11D) - C08B: POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF (polysaccharides containing less than six saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages C07H; fermentation or enzyme-using processes C12P19/00; sugar industry C13; production of cellulose D21) - C08H: DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (polysaccharides C08B; natural rubber C08C; natural resins or their derivatives C09F; bituminous materials C10) - C13K: SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES (chemically synthesised sugars or sugar derivatives C07H; polysaccharides, e.g. starch, derivatives thereof C08B; malt C12C; fermentation or enzyme-using processes for preparing compounds containing saccharide radicals C12P19/00; production of sucrose C13B) - C12Y: ENZYMES - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION - Y02P: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS ## Abstract A process for mechanical destructuring of starch-based biomass was developed that makes use of a short application of high compression, impact, and shearing forces. The biomass may be destructured using a specific energy input that is less than 40% of the total combustible energy of the biomass. The destructured starch-based biomass, with or without saccharification and/or in-feed glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, may be used in feed applications. The destructured starch-based may saccharified to produce syrups and fermentable sugars, and for production of products including ethanol using a biocatalyst. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A process for producing destructured starch-based biomass comprising: a) providing a starch-based biomass; and b) applying to the biomass of (a) at least one set of compression and impact forces of at least 5,000 N combined with shearing forces; wherein contact stress of greater than 5,000 psi is applied to the biomass and wherein a destructured starch-based biomass is produced. ### Claim 2 A process for producing destructured starch-based biomass comprising: a) providing a portion of starch-based biomass; and b) applying to the biomass of (a) at least one set of compression and impact forces of at least 1,500 N combined with shearing forces, and contact stress of greater than 5,000 psi; wherein specific energy input in the process is less than 40% of the total combustible energy of the portion of biomass being treated and wherein a destructured starch-based biomass is produced. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The process of claim 2 wherein the compression and impact forces are at least 3,000 N. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the stress is greater than about 8,000 psi. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The process of claim 4 wherein the stress is greater than about 13,000 psi. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The process of claim 1 wherein the forces are imparted using a non-vibratory apparatus which does not contain free flowing media. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the forces are imparted by centrifugal motion, hydraulics, or springs. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The process of claim 7 wherein the forces are imparted by centrifugal motion and the Radii Ratio is less than 0.5. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The process of claim 8 wherein the forces are imparted by centrifugal motion and the Radii Ratio is less than 0.4. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The process of claim 9 wherein the forces are imparted by centrifugal motion and the Radii Ratio is about 0.33. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the starch-based biomass is selected from the group consisting of grains and starchy roots or tubors. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The process of claim 11 wherein grains is selected from corn, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, rye, milo, triticale, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The process of claim 11 wherein starchy roots are roots selected from potato, sweet potato, yam, taro, carrot, turnip, cassava, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the destructured starch-based biomass has crystallinity that is reduced by at least about 25% as compared to the starch-based biomass provided in (a). ### Claim 15 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein each individual application of force occurs in less than ten milliseconds. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein compression and impact forces applied to the biomass are applied by smooth surfaces. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The process of claim 1 wherein G-force is applied at less than 10 G. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein at least one set of compression and impact forces is at least about 10,000 newtons ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The process of claim 18 wherein at least one set of compression and impact forces is at least about 50,000 newtons ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The process of claim 19 wherein at least one set of compression and impact forces is at least about 100,000 newtons ### Claim 21 (depends on 7) The process of claim 7 wherein the compression and impact forces are imparted by centrifugal motion by moving an object with a mass of at least 100 kilograms. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1, 2) The process of claim 1 or 2 further comprising contacting the destructured starch-based biomass with at least one saccharification enzyme under suitable conditions for saccharification wherein sugars are produced. ### Claim 23 (depends on 1, 2) A destructured starch-based biomass obtainable by the process of claim 1 or 2 comprising starch having at least 25% reduction in crystallinity as compared to provided starch-based biomass. ### Claim 24 (depends on 23) The destructured starch-based biomass of claim 23 having a processed energy equivalency of greater than 60%. ### Claim 25 (depends on 23) The destructured starch-based biomass of claim 23 further comprising a destructured cellulosic biomass component. ### Claim 26 (depends on 23) The composition of claim 23 further comprising free oil. ### Claim 27 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) A feed additive composition comprising a destructured starch-based biomass obtainable (e.g. obtained) by the process of any one of claims 1 to 22. ### Claim 28 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) A feed additive composition comprising a destructured starch-based biomass obtainable (e.g. obtained) by the process of any one of claims 1 to 22 in combination with at least one in-feed enzyme. ### Claim 29 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22) A feed additive kit comprising a first container comprising a destructured starch-based biomass obtainable (e.g. obtained) by the process of any one of claims 1 to 22 and a second container comprising at least one in-feed enzyme, and instructions for co-administering same. ### Claim 30 (depends on 27, 28) A feed or feedstuff comprising a feed additive composition according to claim 27 or claim 28. ### Claim 31 (depends on 27, 28) A premix comprising a feed additive composition according to claim 27 or claim 28, and at least one mineral and/or at least one vitamin. ### Claim 32 (depends on 27, 28, 30, 31) A method for improving a biophysical characteristic of an animal which method comprises administering to an animal a feed additive composition according to claim 27 or claim 28 or a feed according to claim 30 or a premix according to claim 31. ### Claim 33 (depends on 27, 28, 30, 31) Use of a feed additive composition according to claim 27 or claim 28 or a feed according to claim 30 or a premix according to claim 31 for improving a biophysical characteristic of an animal. ### Claim 34 (depends on 27, 28) A method of preparing a feedstuff comprising contacting a feed component with a feed additive composition according to claim 27 or claim 28. ### Claim 35 A method of saccharifying a composition comprising destructured starch-based biomass to produce a composition comprising glucose, wherein said method comprises: (i) contacting a destructured starch-based biomass composition with a glucoamylase; and (ii) saccharifying the composition to produce said glucose composition. ### Claim 36 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 35) The method of claim 35, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 37 (depends on 35, 36) The method of claim 35 or claim 36, wherein the glucose composition is produced without a liquefaction step. ### Claim 38 (depends on 35, 36, 37) The method of any one of claims 35-37, wherein the glucose composition has a DP1 concentration higher than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein the higher DP1 concentration is selected from the list consisting of (a) at least 0.1% higher DP1; (b) at least 0.2% higher DP1; (c) at least 0.4% higher DP1; and (d) at least 0.5% higher DP1. ### Claim 39 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38) The method of any one of claims 35-38, wherein the glucose composition has a DP2 concentration lower than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein DP2 concentration at least 0.1% lower. ### Claim 40 A method of saccharifying a composition comprising destructured starch-based biomass to produce a composition comprising maltose, wherein said method comprises: (i) contacting a destructured starch-based biomass composition with a maltogenic alpha-amylase; and (ii) saccharifying the composition to produce said maltose composition. ### Claim 41 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 40) The method of claim 40, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 42 (depends on 40, 41) The method of claim 40 or claim 41, wherein the maltose composition is produced without one or both of a liquefaction step and addition of an additional alpha-amylase. ### Claim 43 (depends on 40, 41, 42) The method of any one of claims 40-42, wherein the maltose composition has a DP2 concentration higher than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein the higher DP2 concentration is at least 0.1% higher. ### Claim 44 A method of saccharifying a composition comprising destructured starch-based biomass to produce a composition comprising maltoriose, wherein said method comprises: (i) contacting a destructured starch-based biomass composition with a beta-amylase and optionally a pullulanase; and (ii) saccharifying the composition to produce said maltotriose composition. ### Claim 45 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 44) The method of claim 44, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 46 (depends on 44, 45) The method of claim 44 or claim 45, wherein the maltotriose composition is produced without one or both of a liquefaction step and addition of an additional alpha-amylase. ### Claim 47 (depends on 44, 45, 46) The method of any one of claims 44-46, wherein the maltotriose composition has lower DP1 and DP2 concentrations than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein the DP1 and DP2 concentrations are at least 0.1% lower. ### Claim 48 A method of saccharifying a composition comprising destructured starch-based biomass to produce a composition comprising maltotetraose, wherein said method comprises: (i) contacting a destructured starch-based biomass composition with a DP4 producing alpha-amylase and optionally a pullulanase; and (ii) saccharifying the composition to produce said maltotetraose composition. ### Claim 49 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 48) The method of claim 48, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 50 (depends on 48, 49) The method of claim 48 or claim 49, wherein the maltotetraose composition is produced without one or both of a liquefaction step and addition of an additional alpha-amylase. ### Claim 51 (depends on 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59) The method of any one of claims 48-59, wherein the maltotetraose composition has a DP4 concentration higher than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein the higher DP4 concentration is selected from the list consisting of (a) at least 0.1% higher DP4; (b) at least 0.2% higher DP4; (c) at least 0.4% higher DP4; and (d) at least 0.5% higher DP4. ### Claim 52 A method of saccharifying a composition comprising destructured starch-based biomass to produce a composition comprising maltopentaose, wherein said method comprises: (i) contacting a destructured starch-based biomass composition with a DP5 producing alpha-amylase and optionally a pullulanase; and (ii) saccharifying the composition to produce said maltopentaose composition. ### Claim 53 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 52) The method of claim 52, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 54 (depends on 52, 53) The method of claim 52 or claim 53, wherein the maltopentaose composition is produced without one or both of a liquefaction step and addition of an additional alpha-amylase. ### Claim 55 (depends on 52, 53, 54) The method of any one of claims 52-54, wherein the maltopentaose composition has a DP5 concentration higher than would result when saccharifying a whole ground corn liquefact composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition; wherein the higher DP5 concentration is selected from the list consisting of (a) at least 0.1% higher DP5; (b) at least 0.2% higher DP5; (c) at least 0.4% higher DP5; (d) at least 0.5% higher DP5; (e) at least 1.0% higher DP5; (f) at least 1.5% higher DP5; and (g) at least 2.0% higher DP5. ### Claim 56 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55) The method of any one of claims 35-55, wherein saccharifying is conducted at a temperature range of about 30° C. to about 65° C. ### Claim 57 (depends on 56) The method of claim 56, wherein said temperature range is 47° C. to 60° C. ### Claim 58 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57) The method of any one of claims 35-57, further comprising fermenting the produced composition to produce an End of Fermentation (EOF) product. ### Claim 59 (depends on 58) The method of claim 58, wherein said fermentation is a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) reaction. ### Claim 60 (depends on 58, 59) The method of claim 58 or 59, wherein said fermentation is conducted for 24-70 hours at pH 2-8 and in a temperature range of 25° C.-70° C. ### Claim 62 (depends on 58, 59, 60) The method of any one of claims 58-60, wherein the EOF product comprises ethanol. ### Claim 63 (depends on 58, 59, 60, 61) The method of any one of claims 58-61, wherein the EOF product comprises 8%-18% (v/v) ethanol. ### Claim 64 (depends on 58, 59, 60) The method of any one of claims 58-60, wherein the EOF product comprises a metabolite. ### Claim 65 (depends on 64) The method of claim 64, wherein the metabolite is an organic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, monosodium glutamate, gluconic acid, sodium gluconate, calcium gluconate, potassium gluconate, glucono delta-lactone, sodium erythorbate, omega 3 fatty acid, butanol, an amino acid, lysine, itaconic acid, 1,3-propanediol, or isoprene. ### Claim 66 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65) The method of any one of claims 35-65, further comprising adding in step (i) or step (ii) an additional glucoamylase, hexokinase, xylanase, glucose isomerase, xylose isomerase, phosphatase, phytase, protease, pullulanase, alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, protease, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, cutinase, trehalase, isoamylase, redox enzyme, esterase, transferase, pectinase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, lyase, hydrolase, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 67 A method of producing alcohol from a destructured starch-based biomass substrate by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) comprising, (i) contacting a slurry comprising destructured starch-based biomass with an alpha-amylase, a glucoamylase, a yeast and optionally an acid stable protease, at a temperature below the starch gelatinization temperature of the destructured starch-based biomass to produce oligosaccharides fermentable by the yeast; (ii) fermenting the oligosaccharides to produce alcohol. ### Claim 68 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 67) The method of claim 67, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is from a process of any one of claim 1-22. ### Claim 69 (depends on 67, 68) The method of claim 67 or claim 68, wherein the initial percentage of alcohol production over the initial phase of SSF is a higher percentage than would result when using a milled corn flour or whole ground corn composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition. ### Claim 70 (depends on 67, 68, 69) The method of any one of claims 67-69, wherein the initial phase of SSF is the first 15 minutes of SSF. ### Claim 71 (depends on 69, 70) The method of claim 69 or claim 70, wherein the higher percentage of alcohol resulting in the initial phase of SSF is a fold higher % selected from the list consisting of (a) at least 2 fold higher % vs. corn flour; and (b) at least 4 fold higher % vs. whole ground corn. ### Claim 72 (depends on 67, 68) The method of claim 67 or claim 68, wherein the end of SSF total alcohol yield requires 3 fold less glucoamylase dosage as when using a milled corn flour or whole ground corn composition in step (i) in place of the destructured starch-based biomass composition. ### Claim 73 (depends on 67, 68) The method of claim 67 or claim 68, wherein up to 10 fold less glucoamylase is required to produce a comparable end of SSF alcohol yield for destructured starch-based biomass composition than would be required for corn flour. ### Claim 74 (depends on 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73) The method of any one of claims 67-73, wherein the alcohol produced is ethanol. ### Claim 75 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) The method of any one of claims 35-70, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is selected from the group consisting of corn, barley, cassava, rice, rye, milo, millet, sorghum, triticale, wheat and any combination thereof. ### Claim 76 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) The method of any one of claims 35-70, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is selected from the group consisting of corn, cassava, sorghum, wheat and any combination thereof. ### Claim 77 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) The method of any one of claims 35-70, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass composition is corn. ### Claim 78 (depends on 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70) The method of any one of claims 35-70, wherein the destructured starch-based biomass comprises a composition obtained from processed starch-based biomass.