Phosphine ligands for catalytic reactions

A compound having a structure corresponding to formula (I),

• or a salt thereof,
• wherein
• Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently aryl or heteroaryl, and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently optionally substituted with one or more R1 and R2, respectively;
• R1 and R2 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• amino;
• hydroxyl;
• cyano;
• halo;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• alkynyl;
• haloalkyl;
• haloalkoxy;
• oxoalkyl;
• alkoxy;
• aryloxy;
• heteroaryloxy;
• arylamino;
• heteroarylamino;
• alkylamino;
• dialkylamino;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• cycloalkyloxy optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• hydroxyalkoxy;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1′, wherein L1 is a bond or alkylene, and R1′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2′, wherein L2 is a bond or alkylene, and R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L3-C(O)—NR3′R4′, wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene, and R3′ and R4′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• L4-NR5′—C(O)—R6′, wherein L4 is a bond or alkylene, R5′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R6′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• sulfamoyl;
• N-(alkyl)sulfamoyl;
• N,N-(dialkyl)sulfamoyl;
• sulfonamide;
• sulfate;
• alkylthio;
• thioalkyl;
• and a ring containing an alkylene or —O—(CH2)m—O— formed by the joining together of any two R1 or any two R2 or an R1 and an R2 , wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
• X is a phosphine of formula (Ib):
• or
• X is a 6-membered cyclic phosphine fused to Ar1 to give a compound of formula (Ic):
• wherein, ring B is a phosphorus heterocyclic ring with four ring atoms in addition to the phosphorus and carbon ring atoms of formula (I-c), wherein said ring atoms are each independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and
• wherein the ring atoms of ring B are each independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl;
• alkoxy;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• alkyl;
• alkylamino;
• alkylthio;
• alkynyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• arylalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• dialkylamino;
• halo;
• haloalkyl;
• fluoroalkyl;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• oxo;
• an exocyclic double bond optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
• a 3- to 7-membered spiro ring containing zero, one, or two heteroatoms;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1′, wherein L1 is a bond or alkylene, and R1′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2, wherein L2 is a bond or alkylene, and R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L3—C(O)—NR3′R4′, wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene, and R3′ and R4′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• L4-NR5′—C(O)—R6′, wherein L4 is a bond or alkylene, R5′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R6′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• and L7-NR8′—S(O)2—R9′, wherein L7 is a bond or alkylene, R8′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R9′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• RP is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein RP is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• or RP is a bridging group between the phosphorus and another B ring atom, wherein RP is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, and —(CR41R42—O)q—, wherein R41 and R42 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl, and wherein q is 1 or 2, and wherein RP is optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• as to R10, R11, R12, and R13,
• i. R10 or R11 together with R12 or R13 form a ring;
• or
• ii. R10 and R11 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring and/or R12 and R13 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring;
• or
• iii. one or more of R10, R11, R12 and R13 form a ring together with a ring substituent of ring A;
• or
• iv. R10, R11, R12, and R13 do not form a ring, wherein R10, R11, R12 and R13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• haloalkyl;
• alkynyl;
• oxoalkyl;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heterocyclyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• thioalkyl;
• L13-C(O)—OR14′, L13-P(O)—(OR14′)2, or L13-S(O)2—OR14′, wherein L13 is a bond or alkylene, and R14′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L15-O—(O)—R16′, wherein L15 is alkylene and R16′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L17-C(O)—NR18′R19′, wherein L17 is a bond or alkylene, and R18′ and R19′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• and L20NR21′C(O)R22′, wherein L20 is alkylene, R21′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R22′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• and
• as to R14 and R15,
• R14 and R15 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring;
• or
• one or more of R14 and R15 form a ring together with a ring atom or ring substituent of ring B,
• wherein, if any of substituents R14 and R15 do not form a ring, said substituents are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• haloalkyl;
• alkynyl;
• oxoalkyl;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
• heterocyclyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• thioalkyl;
• L13-C(O)—OR14′, L13-P(O)—(OR14′)2, or L13-S(O)2—OR14′ wherein L13 is a bond or alkylene, and R14′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L15-O—C(O)—R16′ wherein L15 is alkylene, and R16′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L17-C(O)—NR18′R19′, wherein L17 is a bond or alkylene and R18′ and R19′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• and L20-NR21′—C(O)—R22′,
• wherein L20 is alkylene, R21′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R22′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl.

A compound having a structure corresponding to formula (I),

• wherein X is a phosphine of formula (Ie), or a salt thereof,
• wherein
• Q1 is selected from the group consisting of a bond;
• —O—, —S—, —N(R21)—, ═C(R22)—, and —C(R23)(R24)—;
• Q2 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R25)—, ═C(R26)—, and —C(R27)(R28)—;
• Q3 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R29)—, ═C(R30)—, and —C(R32)(R30)—;
• Q4 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R33)—, ═C(R34)—, and —C(R35)(R36)—;
• Q5 is selected from the group consisting of a bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R37)—, ═C(R38)—, and —C(R39)(R40)—;
• and at least one of Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5 is not a bond;
• or
• two of Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, or Q5 together form a carbonyl;
• an exocyclic double bond optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
• or a 3-8-membered spiro ring containing zero, one, or two hetero ring atoms, optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• as to R10, R11, R12, and R13,
• i. R10 or R11 together with R12 or R13 form a ring;
• or
• ii. R10 and R11 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring and/or R12 and R13 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring;
• or
• iii. one or more of R10, R11, R12 and R13 form a ring together with a ring substituent of ring A;
• or
• iv. R10, R11, R12, and R13 do not form a ring, wherein R10, R11, R12 and R13 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• haloalkyl;
• alkynyl;
• oxoalkyl;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heterocyclyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• thioalkyl;
• L13-C(O)—OR14′, L13-P(O)—(OR14′)2, or L13-S(O)2—OR14′, wherein L13 is a bond or alkylene, and R14′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L15-O—C(O)—R16, wherein L15 is alkylene and R16′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L17-C(O)—NR18′R19′, wherein L17 is a bond or alkylene, and R18′ and R19′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• and L20NR21′C(O)R22′, wherein L20 is alkylene, R21′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R22′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• and
• R21-R40 are, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, fluoro, alkyl, haloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkyloxy, N-alkylamino, N,N-dialkylamino, N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1′ where R1′ is hydrogen, alkyl or hydroxyalkyl and L1 is a bond or alkylene;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2′ where R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl and L2 is a bond or alkylene;
• L3-C(O)—NR3′R4′ where R3′ and R4′ are independently selected from H, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl and wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene;
• L4-NR5—C(O)—R6′ wherein R5′ is selected from H and alkyl, R6 is selected from alkyl and hydroxyalkyl, and L4 is a bond or alkylene;
• and alkylthio;
• or additionally one or more of R21-R40 form a ring with another of R10, R11, R12, R13, and R21-R40.

A compound having a structure corresponding to formula (I),

• or a salt thereof,
• wherein
• Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently aryl or heteroaryl, and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently optionally substituted with one or more R1 and R2, respectively;
• R1 and R2 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• amino;
• hydroxyl;
• cyano;
• halo;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• alkynyl;
• haloalkyl;
• haloalkoxy;
• oxoalkyl;
• alkoxy;
• aryloxy;
• heteroaryloxy;
• arylamino;
• heteroarylamino;
• alkylamino;
• dialkylamino;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• cycloalkyloxy optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• hydroxyalkoxy;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1, wherein L1 is a bond or alkylene, and R1′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2, wherein L2 is a bond or alkylene, and R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L3-C(O)—NR3′R4′, wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene, and R3′ and R4′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• L4-NR5′—C(O)—R6′, wherein L4 is a bond or alkylene, R5′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R6′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• sulfamoyl;
• N-(alkyl)sulfamoyl;
• N,N-(dialkyl)sulfamoyl;
• sulfonamide;
• sulfate;
• alkylthio;
• thioalkyl;
• and a ring containing an alkylene or —O—(CH2)m—O— formed by the joining together of any two R1 or any two R2 or an R1 and an R2, wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
• and
• X is a phosphine having a structure corresponding to formula 2-17

A compound having a structure corresponding to formula (I-1),

• or a salt thereof,
• wherein
• V1, V2, V3 and V4 are each CR1, wherein R1 is, at each occurrence, hydrogen;
• V5 and V9 are CR2, wherein R2 is independently, at each occurrence, hydrogen or alkyl;
• V6 and V8 are CR2, wherein R2, at each occurrence, is hydrogen;
• V7 is CR2, wherein R2 is hydrogen or alkyl;
• and
• X is a phosphine of formula I-37.

A compound having a structure corresponding to formula (I),

• or a salt thereof,
• wherein
• Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently aryl or heteroaryl, and wherein Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently optionally substituted with one or more R1 and R2, respectively;
• R1 and R2 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• amino;
• hydroxyl;
• cyano;
• halo;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• alkynyl;
• haloalkyl;
• haloalkoxy;
• oxoalkyl;
• alkoxy;
• aryloxy;
• heteroaryloxy;
• arylamino;
• heteroarylamino;
• alkylamino;
• dialkylamino;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• cycloalkyloxy optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• hydroxyalkoxy;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1, wherein L1 is a bond or alkylene, and R1′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2′, wherein L2 is a bond or alkylene, and R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L3-C(O)—NR3′R4′, wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene, and R3′ and R4′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• L4-NR5′—C(O)—R6′, wherein L4 is a bond or alkylene, R5′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R6′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• sulfamoyl;
• N-(alkyl)sulfamoyl;
• N,N-(dialkyl)sulfamoyl;
• sulfonamide;
• sulfate;
• alkylthio;
• thioalkyl;
• and a ring containing an alkylene or —O—(CH2)m—O— formed by the joining together of any two R1 or any two R2 or an R1 and an R2, wherein m is 1, 2, 3 or 4;
• X is a phosphine of formula (Ia):
• wherein ring A includes 0 to 9 ring atoms in addition to the phosphorus and 2 carbon ring atoms of formula (Ia), wherein said ring atoms are each independently selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur;
• and
• wherein the ring atoms of ring A are each independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkenyl;
• alkoxy;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• alkyl;
• alkylamino;
• alkylthio;
• alkynyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• arylalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• dialkylamino;
• halo;
• haloalkyl;
• fluoroalkyl;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• oxo;
• an exocyclic double bond optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl;
• a 3- to 7-membered spiro ring containing zero, one, or two heteroatoms;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• L1-C(O)—OR1′, L1-P(O)—(OR1′)2, or L1-S(O)2—OR1′ wherein L1 is a bond or alkylene, and R1′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L2-O—C(O)—R2, wherein L2 is a bond or alkylene, and R2′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L3-C(O)—NR3′R4′, wherein L3 is a bond or alkylene, and R3′ and R4′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• L4-NR5′—C(O)—R6′, wherein L4 is a bond or alkylene, R5′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R6′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• and L7-NR8′—S(O)2—R9′, wherein L7 is a bond or alkylene, R8′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R9′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• and
• as to R10, R11, R12, and R13,
• i. R10 or R11 together with R12 or R13 form a ring;
• or
• ii. R10 and R11 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring and/or R12 and R13 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a spirocyclic ring;
• wherein, any of substituents R10, R11, R12, and R13 that do not form the ring set forth in (i) or (ii) are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen;
• alkyl;
• alkenyl;
• haloalkyl;
• alkynyl;
• oxoalkyl;
• cycloalkyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heterocyclyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cyano, halo, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy;
• hydroxyalkyl;
• alkoxyalkyl;
• aminoalkyl;
• N-alkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N-dialkylaminoalkyl;
• N,N,N-trialkylammoniumalkyl;
• thioalkyl;
• L13-C(O)—OR14′, L13-P(O)—(OR14′)2, or L13-S(O)2—OR14′, wherein L13 is a bond or alkylene, and R14′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and hydroxyalkyl;
• L15-O—C(O)—R16′, wherein L15 is alkylene and R16′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl;
• L17-C(O)—NR18′R19′, wherein L17 is a bond or alkylene, and R18′ and R19′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and hydroxyalkyl;
• and L20-NR21′—C(O)—R22′, wherein L20 is alkylene, R21′ is hydrogen or alkyl, and R22′ is alkyl or hydroxyalkyl.