Biosensor systems and related methods for detecting analytes in aqueous and biological environments

A method for detecting binding of an analyte of interest, the method comprising:

• providing a biosensor system comprising:
• a detector configured to detect a change in an electrical property on a surface thereof;
• a passive layer disposed on a top surface of the detector;
• a hydrophobic layer disposed on the passive layer;
• a receptor-attachment material disposed on the hydrophobic layer and configured for binding to an analyte;
• and
• one or more receptors that bind to the analyte, the one or more receptors being attached to the receptor-attachment material, wherein the binding of the analyte to the one or more receptors causes the change of the electrical property at the surface;
• and
• activating the detector;
• and
• receiving an electrical signal from the detector in responding to the binding of the analyte to the one or more receptors.

A method for manufacturing a biosensor, the method comprising:

• providing a detector configured to detect a change in an electrical property on a surface thereof;
• disposing a passive layer on a top surface of the detector;
• disposing a hydrophobic layer on the passive layer;
• disposing a receptor-attachment material on the hydrophobic layer, the receptor-material being configured for binding to an analyte;
• and
• attaching one or more receptors to the receptor-attachment material, wherein the one or more receptors being configured to bind to the analyte such that the electrical property at the surface changes.