Microwave driven diffusion of dielectric nano- and micro-particles into organic polymers

A method of doping a substrate with first and second pluralities of dopant particles, the method comprising:

• exposing the substrate comprising an organic polymer to a first layer comprising a first plurality of dopant particles, wherein a thermal conductivity of the organic polymer is less than 5 Wm−1K−1 and a lossiness that is less than a lossiness of the first plurality of dopant particles;
• irradiating the substrate and the first layer to an energy source operating at an operating frequency such that the first plurality of dopant particles of the first layer diffuse into the organic polymer of the substrate;
• continuing the irradiating for a first desired time to achieve a first desired depth of penetration of the first plurality of dopant particles into the organic polymer;
• exposing the substrate to a second layer comprising a second plurality of dielectric dopant particles, wherein the lossiness organic polymer that is less than a lossiness of the second plurality of dopant particles;
• irradiating the substrate and the second layer to an energy source operating at an operating frequency such that the second plurality of dopant particles of the second layer diffuse into the organic polymer of the substrate;
• and
• continuing the irradiating for a second desired time to achieve a second desired depth of penetration of the second plurality of dopant particles into the organic polymer.

A method of doping a substrate with dielectric dopant particles, the method comprising:

• exposing the substrate comprising an organic polymer to a first layer comprising the dielectric dopant particles, wherein a thermal conductivity of the organic polymer is less than 5 Wm−1K−1 and a melting temperature of the dielectric dopant particles is greater than about 300° C.;
• irradiating the substrate and the first layer to an energy source operating at an operating frequency such that the dielectric dopant particles of the first layer diffuse into the organic polymer of the substrate;
• and
• continuing the irradiating for a first desired time to achieve a first desired depth of penetration of the dielectric dopant particles into the organic polymer.