Minimally invasive surgical apparatus and methods

A method for treating vasculature, the method comprising:

• inserting a first catheter into a first anatomical cavity, the first anatomical cavity comprising a stenosed artery, the first catheter having a longitudinal axis, the first catheter comprising:
• an ultrasound signal transducer mounted at a non-parallel angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first catheter, the ultrasound signal transducer configured to transmit an ultrasound signal at the non-parallel angle and along a directional path in a narrow cone having position uncertainty less than 5 mm, the ultrasound signal configured to penetrate tissue outside the first anatomical cavity,
• an outer sheath,
• a lumen within the outer sheath,
• an aperture in the outer sheath, the aperture proximal to the ultrasound signal transducer, the aperture in communication with the lumen, and
• a needle deployable from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along a deployment path that is aligned with the directional path of the ultrasound signal, the needle comprising:
• a needle lumen and
• a sensor configured to detect a change in at least one of the group consisting of:
• hydrostatic pressure, temperature, oxygenation, and color;
• inserting a second catheter into a second anatomical cavity, the second anatomical cavity comprising a vein, the second catheter comprising:
• an omnidirectional ultrasound signal receiving transducer, and
• a reflecting cone configured to direct the ultrasound signal onto the omnidirectional ultrasound signal receiving transducer;
• using the ultrasound signal transducer to transmit the ultrasound signal along the directional path;
• moving the first catheter longitudinally and moving the second catheter longitudinally until receipt of the ultrasound signal by the omnidirectional ultrasound signal, wherein upon receipt of the ultrasound signal by the omnidirectional ultrasound signal receiving transducer receiving the ultrasound signal a receipt signal is sent to a signal detector and wherein upon receipt of the receipt signal by the signal detector a user receives an output;
• after receiving the output, deploying the needle from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along the deployment path, wherein deploying in needle comprises:
• penetrating out of the first anatomical cavity,
• traversing tissue between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity,
• penetrating into the second anatomical cavity, thereby creating a fistula between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity, and
• detecting the change using the sensor;
• inserting a guidewire through the needle lumen, the guidewire having a place that extends from the first anatomical cavity, through the tissue between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity, and into the second anatomical cavity;
• retracting the needle into the lumen;
• leaving the guidewire in the place;
• advancing a therapeutic catheter over the guidewire;
• and
• deploying a stent in the fistula, wherein after deploying the stent in the fistula blood can flow from the first anatomical cavity into the second anatomical cavity.

A method for treating vasculature, the method comprising:

• inserting a first catheter into a first anatomical cavity, the first anatomical cavity comprising an artery, the first catheter having a longitudinal axis, the first catheter comprising:
• an ultrasound signal transducer mounted at a non-parallel angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first catheter, the ultrasound signal transducer configured to transmit an ultrasound signal at the non-parallel angle and along a directional path, the ultrasound signal configured to penetrate tissue outside the first anatomical cavity,
• a lumen, and
• a needle deployable from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along a deployment path that is aligned with the directional path of the ultrasound signal,
• the needle comprising a needle lumen;
• inserting a second catheter into a second anatomical cavity, the second anatomical cavity comprising a vein, the second catheter comprising an ultrasound signal receiving transducer;
• using the ultrasound signal transducer to transmit the ultrasound signal along the directional path;
• moving at least one of the first catheter longitudinally and rotationally and the second catheter longitudinally until receipt of the ultrasound signal by the ultrasound signal, wherein upon receipt of the ultrasound signal by the ultrasound signal receiving transducer a user receives an output;
• after receiving the output, deploying the needle from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along the deployment path, wherein deploying the needle comprises:
• penetrating out of the first anatomical cavity,
• traversing tissue between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity, and
• penetrating into the second anatomical cavity, thereby creating a fistula between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity;
• inserting a guidewire through the needle lumen, the guidewire having a place that extends from the first anatomical cavity, through the tissue between the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity, and into the second anatomical cavity;
• retracting the needle into the lumen;
• leaving the guidewire in the place;
• advancing a therapeutic catheter over the guidewire;
• and
• deploying an endoprosthesis in the fistula, wherein after deploying the stent in the fistula blood can flow from the first anatomical cavity into the second anatomical cavity.

A method for treating vasculature, the method comprising:

• inserting a first catheter into a first anatomical cavity, the first catheter having a longitudinal axis, the first catheter comprising:
• an ultrasound signal transducer mounted at a non-parallel angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the first catheter, the ultrasound signal transducer configured to transmit an ultrasound signal at the non-parallel angle and along a directional path, the ultrasound signal configured to penetrate tissue outside the first anatomical cavity,
• a lumen, and
• a tissue traversing member deployable from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along a deployment path that is parallel to the directional path of the ultrasound signal;
• inserting a second catheter into a second anatomical cavity, the second catheter comprising an ultrasound signal receiving transducer;
• determining receipt by the ultrasound signal receiving transducer of the ultrasound signal being transmitted along the directional path;
• and
• after determining the receipt of the ultrasound signal by the ultrasound signal receiving transducer, deploying the tissue traversing member from inside the lumen to outside the lumen along the deployment path, wherein deploying the tissue traversing member comprises fluidly connecting the first anatomical cavity and the second anatomical cavity.