Methods and compositions for nanostructure-based nucleic acid sequencing

A method of determining the sequence of a target nucleic acid molecule, comprising:

• contacting a polymerase with a target nucleic acid molecule under sequencing conditions, wherein sequencing conditions comprise the presence of at least one nucleoside triphosphate, wherein said polymerase is immobilized on a solid substrate;
• detecting the movement of the target nucleic acid molecule and/or one or more nascent strand(s) through, on or over a nanostructure;
• repeating the contacting and detecting steps a plurality of times;
• and
• determining the sequence of the target nucleic acid molecule based, sequentially, on the presence or absence of a change in the movement in the presence of the at least one nucleoside triphosphate.