Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:

• a support;
• a charge generating layer formed on the support;
• and
• a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer;
• wherein
• the charge transporting layer is a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member,
• the charge transporting layer comprises:
• at least one charge transporting substance selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following formula (2) and a compound represented by the following formula (3);
• and
• at least one binder resin selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit represented by the following formula (IA) and a polyester resin having a structural unit represented by the following formula (IB);
• and
• the charge transporting layer satisfies the following expression (4-1):
• XP1<XP5 (4-1)
• wherein,
• XP1 represents the mass ratio (D/B) of the charge transporting substance (D) to the binder resin (B) based on IR spectroscopy measured at P1,
• XP5 represents the mass ratio (D/B) of the charge transporting substance (D) to the binder resin (B) based on IR spectroscopy measured at P5,
• P1 is the position on the surface of the charge transporting layer, and
• P5 is the position where the distance from the surface of the charge transporting layer is 4T/5 when the thickness of the charge transporting layer is designated as T;
• wherein,
• Ar21 and Ar22 each independently represent a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted with a methyl group, and
• Ar23 to Ar28 each independently represent a phenyl group or a phenyl group substituted with a methyl group;
• wherein,
• R1 to R4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a phenyl group,
• X1 represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a cyclohexylidene group or a bivalent group represented by the following formula (A),
• R11 to R14 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a phenyl group,
• X2 represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a cyclohexylidene group or a bivalent group represented by the following formula (A), and
• Y1 represents a meta-phenylene group, a para-phenylene group, a cyclohexylene group or a bivalent group represented by the following formula (B);
• and
• wherein,
• R21 and R22 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group or a phenyl group,
• R31 to R38 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a phenyl group, and
• X3 represents a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a methylene group.