# US 2014/0197874 A1 · Balanced frequency mixer circuit > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2014/0197874 A1 - Document ID: US20140197874A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 13/940,604 - Filed: 2013-07-12 - Published: 2014-07-17 - Earliest claimed: 2013-01-17 - Assignees: National Chi Nan University - Applicants: National Chi Nan University - Inventors: Tzung-Min TSAI; Yo-Sheng LIN; Wei-Chen WEN - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20140197874A1 ## CPC - H03D 7/1441: {using field-effect transistors (H03D7/145 takes precedence)} - H03D 7/1458: {Double balanced arrangements, i.e. where both input signals are differential} - H03D 7/1491: {Arrangements to linearise a transconductance stage of a mixer arrangement} - H03D 2200/0019: Gilbert multipliers - H03D: DEMODULATION OR TRANSFERENCE OF MODULATION FROM ONE CARRIER TO ANOTHER (masers, lasers H01S; circuits capable of acting both as modulator and demodulator H03C; details applicable to both modulators and frequency-changers H03C; demodulating pulses H03K9/00; transforming types of pulse modulation H03K11/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M; repeater stations H04B7/14; demodulators adapted for AC systems of digital information transmission H04L27/00; synchronous demodulators adapted for colour television H04N9/66) ## Abstract A frequency mixer circuit includes a mixer, a load stage, and again stage. The load stage cooperates with the mixer to generate a differential output voltage signal with a mixed frequency according to a differential local oscillator voltage signal and a differential input voltage signal. The gain stage has a transconductance, and a magnitude of the differential current signal and the transconductance have a positive relationship therebetween, so as to result in a positive relationship between the transconductance and a conversion gain which is a ratio of magnitude of the differential output voltage signal to magnitude of the differential input voltage signal. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A frequency mixer circuit comprising: a mixer configured to receive a differential local oscillator (LO) voltage signal with a LO frequency, and a differential input voltage signal with an input frequency, and configured to generate a differential current signal having a mixed frequency associated with the LO frequency and the input frequency; a load stage having an impedance, coupled to said mixer for receiving the differential current signal therefrom, and cooperating with said mixer to generate, based upon the differential current signal and the impedance of said load stage, a differential output voltage signal with the mixed frequency, wherein a ratio of magnitude of the differential output voltage signal to magnitude of the differential input voltage signal is defined as a conversion gain; and a gain stage coupled to said mixer, having a first transconductance, and configured such that a magnitude of the differential current signal and the first transconductance have a positive relationship therebetween, so as to result in a positive relationship between the conversion gain and the first transconductance. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gain stage has a bias terminal disposed to receive a direct-current (DC) bias voltage, and a pair of current injection terminals coupled to said mixer, said gain stage being configured to have an equivalent first negative resistance between said bias terminal and each of said current injection terminals, and to output, based upon the DC bias voltage, a pair of DC injection currents to said mixer via said current injection terminals, respectively. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein said gain stage includes first and second transistors each having a first terminal, a second terminal and a control terminal, both of said first terminals of said first and second transistors being disposed to receive the DC bias voltage, said second terminals of said first and second transistors respectively serving as said current injection terminals of said gain stage, said control terminals of said first and second transistors being coupled respectively to said second terminals of said second and first transistors. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein said mixer includes: a current source for providing a bias current; a transconductance stage coupled to said current source for receiving the bias current, disposed to receive the differential input voltage signal, and configured to convert the differential input voltage signal into an transconductance stage current signal; and a frequency mixer stage coupled to said transconductance stage for receiving the transconductance stage current signal, coupled to said current injection terminals of said gain stage for receiving the DC injection currents, and disposed to receive the differential LO voltage signal, said frequency mixer stage being configured to generate the differential current signal according to the differential LO voltage signal, the transconductance stage current signal and the DC injection currents, so as to result in the mixed frequency of the differential current signal being substantially equal to a sum of frequencies of the differential LO voltage signal and the transconductance stage current signal, and magnitudes of the differential current signal and the DC injection currents having a positive relationship therebetween. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein said transconductance stage includes a pair of transistors each having a first terminal, a second terminal and a control terminal, said control terminals of said transistors of said transconductance stage being disposed to receive the differential input voltage signal, said second terminals of said transistors of said transconductance stage being coupled to each other and to said current source for receiving the bias current, said first terminals of said transistors of said transconductance stage being respectively coupled to said current injection terminals of said gain stage. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of said transistors of said transconductance stage is an N-type MOSFET having a drain terminal serving as said first terminal thereof, a source terminal serving as said second terminal thereof, and a gate terminal serving as said control terminal thereof. ### Claim 7 (depends on 4) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 4, wherein said frequency mixer stage includes first, second, third and fourth transistors each having a first terminal, a second terminal and a control terminal, said control terminals of said first and second transistors being disposed to receive the differential LO voltage signal, said second terminals of said first and second transistors being coupled together and to one of said current injection terminals of said gain stage, said control terminals of said third and fourth transistors being coupled respectively to said control terminals of said second and first transistors, said second terminals of said third and fourth transistors being coupled together and to the other one of said current injection terminals of said gain stage. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 7, wherein said load stage includes a pair of load components each having first and second terminals, said first terminal of each of said load components being disposed to receive the DC bias voltage, said second terminal of one of said load components being coupled to said first terminals of said first and third transistors, and said second terminal of the other one of said load components being coupled to said first terminals of said second and fourth transistors, the differential output voltage signal being outputted at said second terminals of said load components. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 8, wherein said gain stage includes fifth and sixth transistors each having a first terminal, a second terminal and a control terminal, said first terminals of said fifth and sixth transistors being disposed to receive the DC bias voltage, said second terminals of said fifth and sixth transistors respectively serving as said current injection terminals of said gain stage, said control terminals of said fifth and sixth transistors being coupled respectively to said second terminals of said sixth and fifth transistors. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 9, wherein each of said fifth and sixth transistors of said gain stage is a P-type MOSFET having a source terminal serving as said first terminal thereof, a drain terminal serving as said second terminal thereof, and a gate terminal serving as said control terminal thereof. ### Claim 11 (depends on 7) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 7, wherein each of said first, second, third and fourth transistors of said frequency mixer stage is an N-type MOSFET having a drain terminal serving as said first terminal thereof, a source terminal serving as said second terminal thereof, and a gate terminal serving as said control terminal thereof. ### Claim 12 (depends on 4) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a gain enhancing stage having a second transconductance, coupled to said frequency mixer stage, and configured such that the magnitude of the differential current signal has a positive relationship with a sum of the first and second transconductances, so as to result in a positive relationship between the conversion gain and the sum of the first and second transconductances. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 12, wherein said gain enhancing stage includes first and second transistors each having a first terminal, a grounded second terminal and a control terminal, said first terminals of said first and second transistors being coupled respectively to said current injection terminals of said gain stage, said control terminals of said first and second transistors being coupled respectively to said first terminals of said second and first transistors, said gain enhancing stage being configured to have an equivalent second negative resistance between said first terminals of said first and second transistors. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 13, wherein each of said first and second transistors is an N-type MOSFET having a drain terminal serving as said first terminal thereof, a source terminal serving as said second terminal thereof, and a gate terminal serving as said control terminal thereof. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The frequency mixer circuit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a single-ended-to-differential balun disposed to receive a single-ended LO voltage signal, configured to convert the single-ended LO voltage signal into the differential LO voltage signal, and coupled to said mixer for providing the differential LO voltage signal thereto; and a differential-to-single-ended balun coupled to said mixer for receiving the differential output voltage signal, and configured to convert the differential output voltage signal into a single-ended output voltage signal.