# US 2014/0195078 A1 · Hybrid vehicles

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- Number: US 2014/0195078 A1
- Document ID: US20140195078A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 13/694,845
- Filed: 2013-01-11
- Published: 2014-07-10
- Earliest claimed: 1998-09-14
- Assignees: Paice LLC
- Inventors: Alex J. Severinsky; Theodore Louckes
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20140195078A1

## CPC

- B60L 53/00: Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
- B60H 1/004: {for vehicles having a combustion engine and electric drive means, e.g. hybrid electric vehicles}
- B60H 1/3222: {characterised by the compressor driving arrangements, e.g. clutches, transmissions or multiple drives (B60H1/3208, B60H1/3226 take precedence)}
- B60K 1/02: comprising more than one electric motor
- B60K 6/22: characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
- B60K 6/365: with the gears having orbital motion
- B60K 6/442: Series-parallel switching type
- B60K 6/46: Series type
- B60K 6/48: Parallel type
- B60K 6/485: Motor-assist type
- B60K 6/547: the transmission being a stepped gearing
- B60L 7/18: Controlling the braking effect (B60L7/12, B60L7/14, B60L7/16 take precedence)
- B60L 7/26: Controlling the braking effect
- B60L 15/2045: {for optimising the use of energy}
- B60L 50/16: with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
- B60L 50/61: by batteries charged by engine-driven generators, e.g. series hybrid electric vehicles
- B60L 53/20: characterised by converters located in the vehicle
- B60L 58/10: for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L 58/12: responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60T 7/06: Disposition of pedal
- B60T 8/17: Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking {(detecting or indicating faulty operation B60T8/885)}
- B60T 8/172: Determining control parameters used in the regulation, e.g. by calculations involving measured or detected parameters {(B60T8/17551 takes precedence)}
- B60T 11/18: Connection thereof to initiating means
- B60T 13/586: {the retarders being of the electric type}
- B60W 10/06: including control of combustion engines
- B60W 10/08: including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators
- B60W 10/18: including control of braking systems
- B60W 10/26: for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
- B60W 20/00: Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles {(hybrid vehicle design, B60K6/00; electric vehicles B60L)}
- B60W 20/10: Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
- B60W 20/14: in conjunction with braking regeneration
- B60W 20/15: Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
- B60W 20/30: Control strategies involving selection of transmission gear ratio {(control of change speed gearings, together with other vehicle sub-units B60W10/10; HEV transmission gearing B60K6/36; gearings and control thereof F16H)}
- B60W 30/18127: {Regenerative braking}
- F01N 3/2013: {using electric or magnetic heating means}
- F02B 37/00: Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B 37/16: by bypassing charging air
- F02B 37/18: by bypassing exhaust {from the inlet to the outlet of turbine or to the atmosphere}
- F02D 41/0007: {for control of turbo-charged or super-charged engines (control of the pumps per se F02B37/12)}
- F02M 35/10163: {having air intakes specially adapted to selectively deliver naturally aspirated fluid or supercharged fluid}
- H01M 10/4207: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- B60K 2006/268: {Electric drive motor starts the engine, i.e. used as starter motor}
- B60L 2200/26: Rail vehicles
- B60L 2210/20: AC to AC converters
- B60L 2220/12: Induction machines
- B60L 2220/14: Synchronous machines
- B60L 2220/16: DC brushless machines
- B60L 2240/34: Cabin temperature
- B60L 2240/36: Temperature of vehicle components or parts
- B60L 2240/423: Torque
- B60L 2240/443: Torque
- B60L 2240/445: Temperature
- B60L 2260/28: Four wheel or all wheel drive
- B60L 2270/145: Structure borne vibrations
- B60T 2270/60: Regenerative braking
- B60T 2270/604: Merging friction therewith; Adjusting their repartition
- B60W 2510/0633: Turbocharger state
- B60W 2510/0657: Engine torque
- B60W 2510/244: Charge state
- B60W 2530/16: Driving resistance
- B60W 2540/12: Brake pedal position
- B60W 2710/08: Electric propulsion units
- B60W 2710/18: Braking system
- B60W 2710/244: Charge state
- B60Y 2200/91: Electric vehicles
- B60Y 2200/92: Hybrid vehicles
- B60Y 2300/18125: Regenerative braking
- B60Y 2300/91: Battery charging
- B60Y 2400/112: Batteries
- B60Y 2400/435: Supercharger or turbochargers
- B60Y 2400/81: Braking systems
- F02D 2250/18: Control of the engine output torque
- F02M 35/10157: {Supercharged engines}
- F02N 11/0818: {Conditions for starting or stopping the engine or for deactivating the idle-start-stop mode}
- F02N 2200/061: Battery state of charge [SOC]
- H01M 2220/20: Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
- Y02A 50/20: Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
- Y02E 60/10: Energy storage using batteries
- Y02T 10/12: Improving ICE efficiencies
- Y02T 10/62: Hybrid vehicles
- Y02T 10/64: Electric machine technologies in electromobility
- Y02T 10/70: Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
- Y02T 10/7072: Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
- Y02T 10/72: Electric energy management in electromobility
- Y02T 90/14: Plug-in electric vehicles
- Y10S 903/903: having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
- Y10S 903/904: Component specially adapted for hev
- Y10S 903/907: Electricity storage, e.g. battery, capacitor
- Y10S 903/93: Conjoint control of different elements
- Y10S 903/946: Characterized by control of driveline clutch
- Y10S 903/947: Characterized by control of braking, e.g. blending of regeneration, friction braking
- B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60H: ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60K: ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60T: VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL (electrodynamic brake systems for vehicle, in general B60L; brakes per se, i.e. devices where braking effect occurs, including ultimate brake actuators, F16D); ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
- B60W: CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
- F01N: GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES (arrangements in connection with gas exhaust of propulsion units in vehicles B60K13/00; combustion-air intake silencers specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines F02M35/00; protecting against, or damping, noise in general G10K11/16)
- F02B: INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL (gas-turbine plants F02C; hot-gas or combustion-product positive-displacement engine plants F02G)
- F02D: CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES (vehicle fittings, acting on a single sub-unit only, for automatically controlling vehicle speed B60K31/00; conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function, road vehicle drive control systems for purposes other than the control of a single sub-unit B60W)
- F02M: SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- B60Y: INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
- F02N: STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- Y02A: TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y10S: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS

## Abstract

A hybrid vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine, a traction motor, a starter motor, and a battery bank, all controlled by a microprocessor in accordance with the vehicle's instantaneous torque demands so that the engine is run only under conditions of high efficiency, typically only when the load is at least equal to 30% of the engine's maximum torque output. In some embodiments, a turbocharger may be provided, activated only when the load exceeds the engine's maximum torque output for an extended period; a two-speed transmission may further be provided, to further broaden the vehicle's load range. A hybrid brake system provides regenerative braking, with mechanical braking available in the event the battery bank is fully charged, in emergencies, or at rest; a control mechanism is provided to control the brake system to provide linear brake feel under varying circumstances.

## Claims

### Claim at position 1

1-16. (canceled)

### Claim 17

A hybrid vehicle comprising an internal combustion engine, at least one electric motor, a high voltage battery providing power to said motor, and a 12-volt auxiliary starting system comprising a DC-to-DC power converter for converting 12-volt power to the charging voltage of said high voltage battery, whereby if said high voltage battery becomes discharged, the vehicle can be started by connection of a 12-volt supply to an input of said DC-to-DC power converter.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, further comprising a controller for controlling operation of said engine, motor and high voltage battery.

### Claim 19 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery comprises a battery bank made up of series-connected batteries each of substantially 42 volts nominal rating.

### Claim 20 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery comprises a battery bank made up of series-connected batteries of greater than at least 42 volts nominal rating.

### Claim 21 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery comprises a battery bank made up of series-connected batteries, wherein said series connections are made employing normally-open relays, whereby if control power to the relays is interrupted, said batteries are disconnected from one another.

### Claim 22 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery comprises two battery banks connected in series, each battery bank being made up of series-connected batteries, and wherein the point at which the two battery banks are connected to one another is connected to a vehicle ground connection.

### Claim 23 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said DC-to-DC power converter is capable of converting power from said high-voltage battery to 12-volt power.

### Claim 24 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery comprises a bank of batteries connected so as to provide a total output voltage of at least about 500 volts.

### Claim 25 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery provides current at about 115 to 200 amperes under peak load conditions.

### Claim 26 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein said high voltage battery provides current at at least about 150 amperes under peak load conditions.

### Claim 27 (depends on 17)

The vehicle of claim 17, wherein the torque available for supply to the wheels from the motor is at least equal to the torque available for supply to the wheels from the engine.