# US 2014/0195034 A1 · Coil scheduling method and system for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry

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- Number: US 2014/0195034 A1
- Document ID: US20140195034A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 13/993,622
- Filed: 2012-04-27
- Published: 2014-07-10
- Earliest claimed: 2012-01-19
- Assignees: Northeastern University
- Applicants: Northeastern Univeristy
- Inventors: Lixin Tang; Yang Yang
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20140195034A1

## CPC

- C25D 5/04: Electroplating with moving electrodes
- C25D 3/22: of zinc
- G05B 19/418: Total factory control, i.e. centrally controlling a plurality of machines, e.g. direct or distributed numerical control [DNC], flexible manufacturing systems [FMS], integrated manufacturing systems [IMS] or computer integrated manufacturing [CIM]
- G05B 19/41865: {characterised by job scheduling, process planning, material flow}
- G06Q 10/06: Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
- C25D 7/0614: {Strips or foils}
- C25D 21/12: Process control or regulation (controlling or regulating in general G05)
- Y02P 90/02: Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
- C25D: PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- G05B: CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS (systems for controlling or regulating non-electric variables G05D; systems for regulating electric or magnetic variables G05F; control devices or systems insofar as characterised by mechanical features only G05G)
- G06Q: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- Y02P: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS

## Abstract

A coil scheduling system and a method for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry are disclosed. In addition to considering the minimum changeover of physical parameters such as post-processing mode, width, thickness between every two adjacent steel coils, the method of the present invention further considers the influence of selecting coils on the production system stability due to the changeover of post-processing mode, width and thickness, and, thereby less adjusting the production equipment. Thus, the coils are smoothly produced, and more reasonable production process is obtained. The result of comparing the coil production schedule controlled by coil scheduling system for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry of the present invention with that of the production schedule determined manually shows that the number of changeover is reduced by 31.51%, and the adjustment of the production equipment is effectively reduced. Thus, the product quality is improved, and the enterprise benefit is increased.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A coil scheduling method for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry, comprising:
Step 1: describing a technological process and determining constraints of the technological process;
Step 2: selecting coils according to a current state of an electrogalvanizing line;
the selecting step comprising: selecting the coils of the electrogalvanizing line to be processed according to a current line state and an inventory and production conditions of preceding lines: firstly, judging postprocessing liquid k adopted by the current line;
computing the total weight WkP of the coils that have been processed by using the postprocessing liquid k; determining a current processing capacity of the postprocessing liquid according to a rated processing range of the postprocessing liquid[Lkp, Ukp] set by a system: Q=UkP−WkP;
if UlP−WkP≦U, the selection steps of the coils are as follows:
Step 2.1: judging the current processing state of the line; finding a width of a last coil in a production schedule before a current formulated production schedule, that is an upper limit of an available processing width WA of a current roller;
Step 2.2: determining a total weight of available coils in a current production period according to a preceding inventory of the electrogalvanizing line and a processing condition of a preceding production line; classifying the coils in a required postprocessing mode; computing a total tonnage Wk of the available coils which should be processed by using the postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA; judging as follows:
if Wk≦Q, all the coils, which should be processed in the required postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA, are selected; recording all related coil numbers;
if Wk>Q, selecting from the coils which should he processed in the required postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA, the selecting step comprising:
Step 2.2.1: if there is no coil whose width is greater than or equal to WA+LW in a coil set, selecting coils from narrow to wide until newly added coils cause a current total weight of the selected coils to exceed UkP−WkP;
Step 2.2.2: if there are coils whose widths are greater than or equal to WA+LW in the coil set, computing a total tonnage W′ of the coils whose widths are not less than WA+LW; if W′≧UkP−WkP, selecting coils whose width is not less than WA+LW from wide to narrow until the total weight of the selected coils exceeds UkP−WkP; otherwise, selecting all the coils Whose widths are not less than WA+LW and selecting coils whose width is less than WA+LW from narrow to wide until the total weight of the current selected coils exceeds UkP−WkP;
Step 2.2.3: if the total weight of the selected coils does not meet a lower bound of the total weight of the selected coils, selecting coils required to be processed in the other postprocessing liquid; selecting coils according to an ascending order of postprocessing codes, i.e., firstly selecting the coils in a postprocessing mode g=k+1; updating an upper weight limit of the selected coils as U′=U−(UkP−WkP):
(1) if the total weight of available coils required to be processed by using a postprocessing liquid g meets Wg≧U′, selecting coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid g from narrow to wide until the total weight of selected coils exceeds U;
(2) if the total weight of available coils required to he processed by using the postprocessing liquid g meets Wg<U′, selecting all the coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid g, updating k=k+1, and going to step 2.2,3;
wherein, updating k as the smallest postprocessing code if a current postprocessing code k in the step 2.2.3(2) is the largest postprocessing code; the current postprocessing code g of selecting means the postprocessing code that the selected coils correspond to;
If UkP−WkP>U, the selection steps of the coils are as follows:
Step 2-1: judging the current processing state of the line; finding the width of the last coil in the schedule before the current formulated schedule, that is the upper limit of the available processing width WA of the current roller;
Step 2-2: determining the total weight of available coils in the current production period according to the preceding inventory of the electrogalvanizing line and the processing state of a preceding production line; classifying the coils in a required postprocessing mode; computing the total tonnage Wk of the available coils which are required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA; judging as follows:
if Wk≦U, all the coils, which are required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA, are selected; recording all related coil numbers;
if Wk>U, selecting from the coils which are required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid k and have the width of not greater than WA:
Step 2-2-1: if there is no coil whose width is greater than or equal to WA+LW in the coil set, selecting coils from narrow to wide until the selected coils result in that the total weight of the selected coils exceeds U;
Step 2-2-2: if there are coils whose widths are greater than or equal to WA+LW in the coil set, computing the total tonnage W′ of the coils whose widths are not less than WA+LW; if W′≧U, selecting coils whose width is not less than WA+LW from wide to narrow until the selected coils result in that the total weight of the selected coils exceeds U; otherwise, selecting all the coils whose widths are not less than WA+LW and selecting coils whose width is less than WA+LW from narrow to wide until the total weight of the selected coils exceeds U;
Step 2-2-3: if the total weight of the selected coils does not meet the lower bound of the total weight of the selected coils, selecting coils in the other postprocessing mode; selecting coils according to the ascending order of the postprocessing codes, i.e., firstly selecting the coils in the postprocessing mode g=k+1; updating the upper weight limit of the total weight of the selected coils as U′=U−Wk:
(1) if the total weight of available coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid g meets Wg≧U′, selecting coils in the postprocessing mode g from narrow to wide until the total weight of the selected coils exceeds U;
(2) if the total weight of available coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid g meets Wg<U′, selecting all the coils in the postprocessing mode g, updating k=k+1, and going to step 2-2-3;
Step 3: setting an initial processing schedule of the selected coils of the electrogalvanizing line; classifying the selected coils, then the coils with same postprocessing code form a cluster; for any coil cluster, scheduling the coils from thick to thin or from thin to thick in order to minimize the total changeover costs of a coil schedule in the cluster; for two adjacent clusters, if the coils in a preceding cluster are scheduled from thin to thick or from thick to thin, the coils in a next cluster are scheduled from thick to thin or from thin to thick; in this way, the thickest or thinnest coil in the next cluster is processed after the thickest or thinnest coil in the preceding cluster; the method is as follows:
Step 3,1: initializing the current postprocessing code k as a minimum postprocessing code in the selected coils;
Step 3.2: if all the coils in the postprocessing mode are scheduled, obtaining an original processing schedule of the coils and outputting a result; otherwise, going to step 3.3;
Step 3.3: scheduling coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid k from wide to narrow; classifying the coils required to be processed by using the postprocessing liquid according to their widths, thus g coil sets Ωk1, Ωk2, . . . , Ωkg are formed;
Step 3.4: scheduling the coils in the coil sets Ωk1, Ωk2, . . . Ωkg, respectively, to form a first and a second coil schedules, wherein the first schedule comprising:
scheduling the coils in the coil set Ωkg with odd labels from thick to thin; scheduling the coils in the coil set Ωkg with even labels from thin to thick; the second schedule comprising the steps: scheduling the coils in the coil set Ωkg with odd labels from thin to thick; scheduling the coils in the coil set Ωkg with even labels from thick to thin; comparing the first and second schedules; setting the coil schedule with the minimum total stability defects as the initial coil schedule SI of the selected coils of the electrogalvanizing line;
Step 4: improving the coil schedule of the electrogalvanizing line in time; the improving method comprises the following steps:
Step 4.1: initializing the parameters of the improving method of a system stability; setting a current processing schedule SB of the coils of the electrogalvanizing line as SI; obtaining a current selected coil set CS and a current available coil set CA, wherein CS is a coil set for all the coils selected in the current processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; CA is a coil set of all the coils which are in inventory or can be sent to the electrogalvanizing line in time based on the processing state of the preceding line but not selected in the current coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; |CS| is the number of the coils in the current selected coil set CS; |CA| is the number of the coils in the current available coil set CA; obtaining the coil processing schedules m1, m2, . . . , m|CS| corresponding to the current coil processing schedule SB of the electrogalvanizing line, wherein mi is a coil which is the ith processed coil in the current coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; setting a stability estimation value as the formula:
f

(
S
)
=
λ
1
×
∑
i
=
1
n


∑
j
=
1
n


(
c
ij
P
+
c
ij
W
+
c
ij
T
)

x
ij
+
λ
2
×
∑
i
=
1
n


p
i

y
i
(
15
)
in the formula, the stability estimation value is a system stability penalty of the coil processing schedule S, the smaller the penalty is, the stabler and more practicable the coil schedule is.
Step 4.2: computing the stability estimation value f(SB) of the current coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line;
Step 4.3: determining a candidate improvement set P of the current coil processing schedule SB of the electrogalvanizing line; obtaining the improving method of the coil processing schedule, as follows:
(1) inserting the coils: on a premise of not violating the production capacity constraints and postprocessing batching constraints, obtaining a candidate improved coil processing schedule by inserting new coils h in the current coil processing schedule; the positions of the new coils h in the coil processing schedule shall meet the processing constraints (1) to (11) set by the system;
(2) deleting the coils: on the premise of not violating the production capacity constraints and postprocessing batching constraints, obtaining a candidate improved coil processing schedule with lower stability estimation value by deleting the coil (i=1, 2, . . . , |CS|) from the current coil processing schedule while ensuring that the width and thickness switching range of coil mi−1 and coil mi+1 does not violate the constraints (10), (11) after deleting the coil mi;
(3) adjusting coil selection schemes: on the premise of not violating the production capacity constraints, postprocessing batching constraints and the processing constraints (2) to (11) set by the system, obtaining a candidate improved coil processing schedule with lower stability estimation value by exchanging the coils in the coil CS in the current coil processing schedule and the coils in the current available coil set CA;
(4) adjusting the coil processing schedule: On the premise of not violating the production capacity constraints and postprocessing batching constraints, obtaining a. candidate improved coil processing schedule with lower stability estimation value by adjusting the positions of the coils in the current coil processing schedule through the exchange neighborhood and the 2-opt neighborhood of the current coil processing schedule;
wherein, the exchange neighborhood of the current coil processing schedule refers to: a set of all the possible coil schedules obtained by exchanging the positions of any two coils in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line on the premise of not violating the processing constraints (2) to (11) set by the system;
2-opt neighborhood refers to: a set of all the possible coil schedules obtained by exchanging any two coil adjacent relations in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line on the premise of not violating the processing constraints (2) to (11) set by the system;
Step 4.4: establishing a reference set of improvement schemes of the coil processing schedule; adding the previous b1 candidate improvement schemes with better stability estimation values in the current candidate improvement set P into the reference set, i.e. RefSet={x1, . . . , xb1}; removing the b1 candidate improvement schemes from the candidate improvement set P; computing the minimum distance between each candidate improvement scheme in the current candidate improvement set P and the current coil scheduling scheme in the reference set; adding the candidate improvement scheme of the coil processing schedule with the largest minimum distance from the reference set into the reference set RefSet; removing it from the candidate improvement set P; repeating the process b2 times; then, the current reference set RefSet={x1, . . . , xb}, b=b2+b2;
Step 4.5: generating b(b-1) new coil improvement schemes based on any pair of coil processing schedules in the reference set RefSet by using the combined method of the coil scheduling schemes; improving the new improvement schemes; obtaining candidate coil scheduling improvement schemes with better stability by using steps 4.3 (1) to (4);
the combined method of the coil scheduling schemes comprises the steps: firstly, contrasting the coil selection of two coil processing schedules; obtaining a set comprised by the coils selected by the two coil scheduling schemes; secondly, determining the processing positions of the coils in the set comprised by the coils selected by the two coil scheduling schemes; if adjacent coils both belong to set comprised by the coils selected by the two coil scheduling schemes, the adjacent relation in the coil processing schedules with better system stability is adopted; if adjacent coils do not belong to the set comprised by the coils selected by the two coil scheduling schemes, trying to insert the coils into primal positions; obtaining the coil processing schedule with better evaluation;
Step 4.6: updating e candidate improvement set P; replacing solutions with poor stability in the candidate improvement set P by the new candidate coil scheduling improvement schemes with better stability;
Step 4.7: if the time that the best candidate improvement scheme in the candidate improvement set P is not improved reaches the upper limit of non-improvement iterations, stopping selecting the candidate improvement scheme with the best evaluation value in the candidate improvement set P as the current improvement scheme; otherwise, going to the step 4,4.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The coil scheduling method for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry of claim 1, wherein the technical process is described by establishing a coil production model of the electrogalvanizing line, comprising:
Step 1-1: the objective function of the coil production model of the electrogalvanizing line is:
minimize


λ
1
×
∑
i
=
1
n


∑
j
=
1
n


(
c
ij
P
+
c
ij
W
+
c
ij
T
)

x
ij
+
λ
2
×
∑
i
=
1
n


p
i

y
i
(
1
)
in the formula, λ1 represents the weight of the effect of the production switching (i.e. postprocessing (each postprocessing mode corresponds to a distinct postprocessing code and a distinct postprocessing liquid), width and thickness) on the stability of the production system; λ2 represents the weight of the effect of selection of the coils on the stability of the production system; cijP represents system stability defect penalty caused by changing the postprocessing liquid if coil j is processed immediately after coil i; cijW represents system stability defect penalty caused by width changeover if coil j is processed immediately after coil i; cijT represents system stability defect penalty caused by thickness changeover if coil j is processed immediately after coil i; pi represents system stability influence penalty of processing the selected coil i by the current coil selection schedule; decision variable xij represents the adjacent relation between the coil i and the coil j in the continuous electrogalvanizing processing schedule; when the coil i is processed immediately before the coil j, xij is 1; otherwise, xij is 0; decision variable yi represents whether the coil i is selected to be processed in the continuous electrogalvanizing processing schedule; when the coil i is selected to be processed, yi is 1; otherwise, yi is 0; the number of available coils to be processed is n;
Step 1-2: initializing the parameters of the production system of the electrogalvanizing line based on the upper limit and the lower limit of the processing capacity of the electrogalvanizing line within the coil processing plan, the upper limit and the lower limit of the processing capacity of a postprocessing liquid, the width changeover range and the thickness changeover range, the coils in preceding inventory, the coils that are estimated to be arrived in electrogalvanizing line in time and are being processed in the preceding production line now, and the current processing state of the electro ahianizing, line; the formula is as follows:
setting system stability defect penalty cijP caused by changing the postprocessing liquid if coil j is processed immediately after coil i, as follows:
c
ij
P
=
{
λ
p
j
-
1
P
,
if


the


postprocessing


liquid


required


by
the


coil


i


and


the


coil


j


are


different
0
,
otherwise
(
12
)
wherein, λpj−1P represents system stability defect penalty incurred by the initialization of the postprocessing liquid corresponding to the postprocessing code pj−1;
setting system stability defect penalty caused by width changeover if coil j is processed immediately after coil i; the formula is as follows:
c
ij
w
=
{
α
1
w
·
(
w
i
-
w
j
)
,
If


0
≤
w
i
-
w
j
≤
w
1
L


and


t
i
<
t
L
α
2
w
·
(
w
i
-
w
j
)
,
If


0
≤
w
i
-
w
j
≤
w
2
L


and


t
i
≥
t
L
∞
,
If


w
i
-
w
j
<
0
α
3
w
·
(
w
i
-
w
j
)
,
otherwise
(
13
)
wherein, α1w represents the penalty of the unit width changeover under the condition that the thickness of the preceding processed coil is less than tL and the width changeover is not more than w1L; α2w represents the penalty of the unit width changeover under the condition that the thickness of the preceding processed coil is not less than tL and the width changeover is not more than w2L; α3w represents the penally of the unit width changeover not satisfying the condition that the thickness of the preceding processed coil is less than tL and the width changeover is not more than w1L or the thickness of the preceding processed coil is not less than tL and the width changeover is not more than w2L when processing from wide to narrow; tL represents a thickness boundary value during calculating system stability defect penalty caused by thickness changeover; w1L and w2L represent width boundary values during calculating system stability defect penalty caused by width changeover; setting system stability defect penalty caused by thickness changeover if coil j is processed immediately after coil i; the formula is as follows:
c
ij
t
=
α
t
·
max


{
t
i
,
t
j
}
min


{
t
i
,
t
j
}
-
α
t
(
14
)
wherein, αt represents the unit system stability defect penalty incurred by the thickness changeover;
setting the system stability influence penalty pi incurred by processing the selected coil i in the current coil schedule.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The coil scheduling method for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry of claim 2, wherein the constraints of the coil production model of the electrogalvanizing line comprises constraints to keep feasibility and operation constraints in electro-galvanizing
1) the formula of the constraints to keep feasibility is:
∑
j
∈
N

\

{
i
}


x
ij
=
y
i



∀
i
∈
N
(
2
)
∑
i
∈
N

\

{
j
}


x
ij
=
y
j



∀
j
∈
N
(
3
)
∑
i
,
j
∈
S


x
ij
≤

S

-
1



∀
S
⊆
{
1
,
2
,
…

,
n
-
1
,
n
}
,

2
≤

S

≤
n
(
4
)
x
ij
,
y
i
∈
{
0
,
1
}



∀
i
=
1
,
2
,
…

,
n
-
1
,

n
,

j
=
1
,
2
,
…

,
n
-
1
,
n
(
5
)
wherein, N indicates a set of available coils in the preceding inventory; constraints (2) and (3) provide a relationship between decision variables xij and yi; constraints (4) are used for preventing the coils from being preempted in the working process; constraints (5) are the range of decision variables xij and yi;
in addition to having the above system constraints to keep feasibility (2) to (5), the electrogalvanizing line has operation constraints- in electro-galvanizing line during processing the coils:
2) the formula of the constraints for ensuring that the formulated coil processing schedule satisfies the upper limit and the lower limit of the total weight of the processed coils is as follows:
L
≤
∑
i
∈
N


wt
i

y
i
≤
U


∀
i
∈
N
(
6
)
wherein, L indicates the lower limit of the total weight of the processed coils in a single production plan of the electrogalvanizing line; U indicates the upper limit of the total weight of the processed coils in a single production plan of the electrogalvanizing line; wt i indicates the weight of the coil i of the electrogalvanizing line;
3) the postprocessing batching constraints comprise constraints for determining the total weight of the coils in the same postprocessing liquid after processing any coil in the coil processing schedule with the same postprocessing requirement: the formula is as follows:
W
j
=
(
1
-
z
j
)
×
(
W
i
+
∑
j
∈
N


wt
j

x
ij
)


∀
j
∈
N
(
7
)
and constraints for guaranteeing that the total weight of the coils in the same postprocessing liquid satisfies the upper limit and the lower limit of the total weight of the coils in the same postprocessing liquid, the formula is as follows:
Lpj−1Pzj≦Wj≦Upj−1Pzj∀i ∈ N (8)
wherein, Lpj−1P indicates the lower limit of the total weight of the continuous processed coils with the postprocessing code of pj−1; pj−1 indicates the postprocessing code of the coil j; Wj indicates the total weight of the processed coils in the same postprocessing liquid after processing the coil j; Upj−1P indicates the upper limit of the total weight of the continuous processed coils with the postprocessing code of pj−1; zj indicates a decision variable; when the postprocessing code of the coil j and the postprocessing code of the coil processed immediately before the coil j are identical, it is 0; otherwise, it is 1;
4) the formula of the constraints of the width switching trend for ensuring that the coils in the same postprocessing liquid are processed from wide to narrow is as follows:
(wi−wj)×xij≧0∀i ∈ N, i ∈ N, pi−1=pj−1 (9)
wherein, wj represents the width of the coil j;
5) the formula of the constraints of the width changeover range for ensuring that the changeover of the exit width between two adjacent coils in the electrogalvanizing processing plan does not exceed the allowed range is as follows:
LW≦(wi−wj)×xij≦UW∀i ∈ N, j ∈ N (10)
wherein, LW is the lower limit of the width changeover range in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; UW is the upper limit of the width changeover range in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line;
6) the formula of the constraints of the thickness changeover range for ensuring that the changeover of the exit thickness between two adjacent coils in the electrogalvanizing processing plan does not exceed the allowed range is as follows:
LT≦(ti−tj)×xij≦UT∀i ∈ N, j ∈ N, (11)
wherein, LT represents the lower limit of the thickness changeover range in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; UT represents the upper limit of the thickness changeover range in the coil processing schedule of the electrogalvanizing line; ti represents the thickness of the coil i; tj represents the thickness of the coil j.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

A system of using the coil scheduling method for electrogalvanizing line in steel industry of claim 1, comprising:
at least one personal computer (PC);
at least one cable interface or fiber optic cable interface or special telephone line interface; and
at least one router,
wherein the PC is internally installed with a software of the system for scheduling the coils of the electrogalvanizing line; the software comprises a production environment setting module; a coil selection module; a coil scheduling module and a coil scheduling real-time improvement module, wherein the production environment setting module is used for setting the processing parameters of the production environment of the electrogalvanizing line, describing a technological process, and determining the improvement objectives and the constraints of the technological process; the coil selection module is used for selecting the coils and determining the coil selection scheme according to the current processing state of the electrogalvanizing line; the coil scheduling module is used for scheduling the selected coils based on the current coil selection condition, obtaining various processing schedules of the coils and selecting a better coil schedule as the current processing scheme; the coil scheduling real-time improvement module is used for conducting online real-time improvement on the current coil processing scheme, improving the processing scheme and obtaining better coil processing schedules; the PC is connected to the terminal of an enterprise automatic control system of the electrogalvanizing line through a network and an internal server.