A method for surgery, lithotripsy, or ablation employing ultrasound energy, the method comprising:
- generating a high-frequency and high-amplitude focused ultrasound energy by directing laser energy at an optoacoustic lens comprising a composite layer comprising a polymeric material and a plurality of light absorbing particles, wherein the composite layer has a depth of optical absorption less than or equal to about 30 μm and the high-frequency and high-amplitude focused ultrasound energy has a frequency of greater than or equal to about 10 MHz and an output pressure of greater than or equal to about 1 MPa;
- and
- directing the high-frequency and high-amplitude focused ultrasound energy at a target, wherein a focal spot of the generated high-frequency and high-amplitude focused ultrasound energy has a lateral dimension of less than or equal to about 200 μm and an axial dimension of less than or equal to about 1,000 μm.