Electro-optical waveguide apparatuses and methods thereof

A method for making an electro-optical apparatus, the method comprising:

• providing a graphene sheet having opposing surfaces sandwiched in a waveguide structure;
• and
• providing a tuning device configured to selectively control application of at least first and second gate voltages across the waveguide structure, the graphene sheet having a first dielectric constant which is zero and the waveguide structure operating at a first abosrpotion state and a first propagation distance with application of the first gate voltage by the tuning device, and the graphene sheet having a second dielectric constant which is larger than the first dielectric constant and the waveguide structure operating at a second absorption state which is smaller than the first absorption state and a second propagation distance which is longer than the first propagation distance with application of the second gate voltage which is zero or smaller than the first gate voltage by the tuning device.

An electro-optical waveguide apparatus comprising:

• an epsilon-near-zero layer having opposing surfaces sandwiched in a waveguide structure;
• and
• a tuning device configured to selectively control application of at least first and second gate voltages across the waveguide structure, the epsilon-near-zero layer having a first dielectric constant which is zero and the waveguide structure operating at a first abosrpotion state and a first propagation distance with application of the first gate voltage by the tuning device, and the epsilon-near-zero layer having a second dielectric constant which is larger than the first dielectric constant and the waveguide structure operating at a second absorption state which is smaller than the first absorption state and a second propagation distance which is longer than the first propagation distance with application of the second gate voltage which is zero or smaller than the first gate voltage by the tuning device.

A method for making an electro-optical apparatus, the method comprising:

• providing an epsilon-near-zero layer having an opposing surfaces sandwiched in a waveguide structure;
• and
• providing a tuning device configured to selectively control application of at least first and second gate voltages across the waveguide structure, the epsilon-near-zero layer having a first dielectric constant which is zero and the waveguide structure operating at a first abosrpotion state and a first propagation distance with application of the first gate voltage by the tuning device, and the epsilon-near-zero layer having a second dielectric constant which is larger than the first dielectric constant and the waveguide structure operating at a second absorption state which is smaller than the first absorption state and a second propagation distance which is longer than the first propagation distance with application of the second gate voltage which is zero or smaller than the first gate voltage by the tuning device.