Extendable-arm antennas, and modules and systems in which they are incorporated

A radio frequency (RF) module comprising:

• a substrate;
• an antenna including a first antenna arm coupled to the substrate;
• and
• a first conductive structure between a distal end of the first antenna arm and a bottom surface of the substrate.

A system comprising:

• a first substrate;
• a first conductive structure on a top surface of the first substrate;
• and
• an antenna coupled to the top surface of the first substrate, wherein the antenna includes
• a second substrate,
• a first antenna arm coupled to the second substrate, and
• a second conductive structure having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the proximal end of the second conductive structure is coupled to a distal end of the first antenna arm, and the distal end of the second conductive structure extends to a bottom surface of the second substrate and is coupled to the first conductive structure on the first substrate.

A system comprising:

• an antenna that includes
• a first substrate,
• a first antenna arm coupled to the first substrate, and
• a dielectric layer covering the first antenna arm and having a first opening at a distal end of the first antenna arm.

A radio frequency (RF) module comprising:

• a first substrate;
• an antenna coupled to the first substrate;
• and
• a set of electrical components coupled to the first substrate and to the antenna, wherein the set of electrical components is configured to receive a signal for transmission from a non-RF component that is separately packaged from the module, to convert the signal to an RF signal, and to provide the RF signal to the antenna for radiation over an air interface.