# US 2013/0157906 A1 · Nano-Sized Particle-Coated Proppants for Formation Fines Fixation in Proppant Packs > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2013/0157906 A1 - Document ID: US20130157906A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 13/771,634 - Filed: 2013-02-20 - Published: 2013-06-20 - Earliest claimed: 2007-10-31 - Assignees: Baker Hughes Incorporated - Inventors: Tianping Huang; James B. Crews; John R. Willingham; James R. Pace; Christopher K. Belcher - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20130157906A1 ## CPC - C09K 8/575: containing organic compounds - C09K 8/516: characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. encapsulated material - C09K 8/565: Oil-based compositions - C09K 8/572: {containing inorganic compounds} - C09K 8/665: {containing inorganic compounds (proppants C09K8/80)} - C09K 8/68: containing organic compounds - C09K 8/805: {Coated proppants} - E21B 43/267: reinforcing fractures by propping - C09K 2208/10: Nanoparticle-containing well treatment fluids - C09K: MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS ## Abstract A fracturing fluid, gravel pack fluid and/or frac pack fluid containing particles such as proppants, gravel and/.or sand, may contain an effective amount of a nano-sized particulate additive to fixate or reduce fines migration, where the particulate additive is an alkaline earth metal oxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides piezoelectric crystals and pyroelectric crystals. The nano-sized particulate additive is optionally bound to the particles with a coating agent such as an oil, alcohol, glycol, glycol ethers, ketones, terpenes, etc. The particle size of the magnesium oxide or other agent may be nanometer scale but may be a larger scale than nanometer but still relatively small, which scale may provide unique particle charges that help fixate the formation fines. The carrier fluid used in the treating fluid may be aqueous, brine, alcoholic or hydrocarbon-based. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A fluid comprising: a base fluid selected from the group consisting of water-based fluids, alcohol-based fluids and oil-based fluids, particles selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, ceramic beads, glass beads, and combinations thereof; and an effective amount of a particulate additive to reduce fines migration, the particulate additive having a mean particle size of 5000 nm or less, and being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof, and being coated on the particles. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The fluid of claim 1 where: the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The fluid of claim 1 where the effective amount of the particulate additive ranges from about 20 to about 500 pptg (about 24 to about 60 kg/1000 liters) based on the aqueous treating fluid. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The fluid of claim 1 where the mean particle size of the additive is 2000 nm or less. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The fluid of claim 1 further comprising a coating agent where the particulate additive is coated on the particles with the coating agent where the coating agent is selected from the group consisting of water, brines, glycols, glycol ethers, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, aromatic compounds, oils and combinations thereof. ### Claim 6 An aqueous treating fluid comprising: an aqueous base fluid, particles selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, ceramic beads, glass beads, and combinations thereof; formation fines, and from about 20 to about 500 pptg (about 2.4 to about 60 kg/1000 liters) based on the aqueous brine base fluid of a particulate additive to reduce fines migration, the particulate additive having a mean particle size of 5000 nm or less, and being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof; and being coated on the particles. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The aqueous treating fluid of claim 6 where: the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The aqueous treating fluid of claim 6 further comprising a coating agent where the particulate additive is coated on the particles with the coating agent, where the coating agent is selected from the group consisting of water, brines, glycols, glycol ethers, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, aromatic compounds, oils and combinations thereof. ### Claim 9 (depends on 6) The aqueous treating fluid of claim 6 where the formation fines are more flocculated as compared with an identical fluid absent the particulate additive. ### Claim 10 (depends on 6) The aqueous treating fluid of claim 6 where the mean particle size of the additive is 2000 nm or less. ### Claim 11 Particulate additive coated particles comprising: particles selected from the group consisting of sand, gravel, ceramic beads, glass beads, and combinations thereof; particulate additives coated on the particles, the particulate additive having a mean particle size of 5000 nm or less, and being selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, transition metal oxides, transition metal hydroxides, post-transition metal oxides, post-transition metal hydroxides, piezoelectric crystals, pyroelectric crystals, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The particulate additive coated particles of claim 11 where: the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium, the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of titanium and zinc, and the post-transition metal is aluminum, and mixtures thereof. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The particulate additive coated particles of claim 11 further comprising a coating agent at least partially coating the particles, where the coating agent is selected from the group consisting of water, brines, glycols, glycol ethers, alcohols, ketones, terpenes, aromatic compounds, oils and combinations thereof. ### Claim 14 (depends on 11) The aqueous treating fluid of claim 11 where the mean particle size of the additive is 2000 nm or less.