# US 2013/0156813 A1 · Biomarkers for prostate cancer and methods for their detection

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- Number: US 2013/0156813 A1
- Document ID: US20130156813A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 13/814,337
- Filed: 2011-08-05
- Published: 2013-06-20
- Earliest claimed: 2010-08-06
- Assignees: The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services
- Inventors: Jeffrey Gildersleeve; Christopher Campbell; Oyindasola Oyelaran; James Gulley; Jeffrey Schlom
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20130156813A1

## CPC

- G01N 33/57555: of the prostate
- A61K 39/0011: {Cancer antigens}
- A61K 39/001129: {Molecules with a "CD" designation not provided for elsewhere}
- A61K 39/001194: {Prostate specific antigen [PSA]}
- G01N 33/5756: {involving tumour-associated glycolinkage [TAG]}
- A61K 2039/5252: {inactivated (killed)}
- A61K 2039/5256: {expressing foreign proteins}
- A61K 2039/545: {characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule}
- A61K 2039/55583: {Polysaccharides}
- A61K 2039/575: {humoral response}
- A61K 2039/585: {wherein the target is cancer}
- A61K 2039/884: {prostate}
- C12N 2710/24043: viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
- C12N 2710/24143: viral genome or elements thereof as genetic vector
- G01N 2400/02: involving antibodies to sugar part of glycoproteins
- G01N 2800/52: Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)
- A61K: PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES (devices or methods specially adapted for bringing pharmaceutical products into particular physical or administering forms A61J3/00; chemical aspects of, or use of materials for deodorisation of air, for disinfection or sterilisation, or for bandages, dressings, absorbent pads or surgical articles A61L; soap compositions C11D)
- C12N: MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA (microbiological testing media C12Q1/00)

## Abstract

The invention provides a method for predicting the clinical response to a cancer vaccine in a patient having cancer, a method for determining the immune response to a cancer vaccine in a patient having cancer who has been administered a cancer vaccine, a method for determining the long-term survival in a patient having cancer, corresponding kits therefor, as well as methods of for improving the efficacy of a virus-based vaccine.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method for predicting the clinical response to a cancer vaccine in a patient having cancer comprising:
obtaining a serum sample from a patient who has not been previously administered the cancer vaccine;
assaying the serum sample to determine the levels of antibodies in the patient to at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4Glc-(GM3), Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-(BG-H1), GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Galα1-3Gal-(Bdi), Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Thr-Gly-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn (Thr)-G-G), BSM, Lactose, Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ-(LNT), Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galβ1-6Man-α-(Galb1-6Man-a), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ31-(GA1), Galα1-4Galβ-(Galα1-4Galb), Manα1-6[Manα1-3]Manβ-(ManT), Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(pLNH), Rha-α-, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), fetuin, and Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G); and
comparing the determined levels of antibodies to the at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen to a control, so as to predict the clinical response to the cancer vaccine in the patient.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least two glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of 6′SLac, SLeX, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, BSM, Lactose, LNT, Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galb1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, pLNH, Rha-α, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), fetuin, and Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least three glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of 6′SLac, SLeX, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, BSM, Lactose, LNT, Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galβ1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, pLNH, Rha-α, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), and Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least four glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of 6′SLac, SLeX, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, BSM, Lactose, LNT, Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galβ1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, pLNH, Rha-α, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), fetuin, and Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method of claim 4, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least five glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of 6′SLac, SLeX, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, BSM, Lactose, LNT, Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galb1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, pLNH, Rha-α, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), fetuin, and Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the antibodies are selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and combinations thereof.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of IgM antibodies to BG-A.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine one or more of the following: the levels of IgG antibodies to GA1, the levels of IgG antibodies to Rha-α, the levels of IgA antibodies to Fuc-a, the levels of Ig antibodies to LNnH, the levels of IgG antibodies to 6′SLac, and the levels of IgG antibodies to GM3.

### Claim 9

A method for determining the immune response to a cancer vaccine in a patient having cancer comprising:
obtaining a first serum sample from a patient who has not been previously administered the cancer vaccine;
obtaining a second serum sample from the patient after administration of the cancer vaccine,
assaying the first and second serum samples to determine the first and second levels of antibodies, respectively, to at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fuca1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Siaα2-3Galβ-3[Fucα1-4]GlcNAcβ1-(SLeA), Fucα1-2Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(LeY), Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4Glc-(GM3), Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-(BG-H1), GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Galα1-3Gal-(Bdi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ-(A-LeB), and fetuin; and
comparing the determined first and second levels of antibodies to the at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen, so as to determine the immune response to the cancer vaccine in the patient.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the first and second serum samples are assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least two glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, SLeX, SLeA, LeY, 6′SLac, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bch, A-LeB, and fetuin.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10, wherein the first and second serum samples are assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least three glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, SLeX, SLeA, LeY, 6′SLac, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, A-LeB, and fetuin.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein the first and second serum samples are assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least four glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, SLeX, SLeA, LeY, 6′SLac, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, A-LeB, and fetuin.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The method of claim 12, wherein the first and second serum samples are assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least five glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, SLeX, SLeA, LeY, 6′SLac, GM3, BG-H1, GA2di, LNnH, Bdi, A-LeB, and fetuin.

### Claim 14 (depends on 9)

The method of an claim 9, wherein the antibodies are selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and combinations thereof.

### Claim 15 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to the Forssman antigen.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer in the patient is prostate cancer.

### Claim 17 (depends on 1)

The method of an claim 1, wherein the cancer vaccine is a prostate cancer vaccine.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein the prostate cancer vaccine comprises (i) a primer of a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA), B7.1, LFA-3, and ICAM-1 and (ii) one or more boosters of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding PSA, B7.1, LFA-3, and ICAM-1.

### Claim 19

A method for predicting the clinical response to a cancer vaccine in a patient having cancer comprising:
obtaining a serum sample from a patient to which the cancer vaccine was administered;
assaying the serum sample to determine the levels of antibodies in the patient to at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ-4Glc-(GM3), Fuc-a, and GalNAcα1-3(Fuca1-2)Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(A-LeB);
and comparing the determined levels of antibodies to the at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen to a control, so as to predict the clinical response to the cancer vaccine in the patient.

### Claim 20 (depends on 19)

The method of claim 19, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least two glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, j, BG-A, fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, 6′SLac, GM3, Fuc-a, and A-LeB.

### Claim 21 (depends on 20)

The method of claim 20, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least three glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, 6′SLac, GM3, Fuc-a, and A-LeB.

### Claim 22 (depends on 21)

The method of claim 21, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least four glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, 6′SLac, GM3, Fuc-a, and A-LeB.

### Claim 23 (depends on 22)

The method of claim 22, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least five glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, Adi, BG-A, fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, 6′SLac, GM3, Fuc-a, and A-LeB.

### Claim 24 (depends on 19)

The method of claim 19, wherein the serum sample is from a patient at least 2 months after the administration of the cancer vaccine.

### Claim 25

A method of predicting long-term survival in a patient having cancer comprising:
obtaining a serum sample from a patient which has not been previously administered cancer treatment;
assaying the serum sample to determine the levels of antibodies in the patient to at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di-), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Thr-Gly-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G), Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), Galβ-6Man-α-(Galβ1-6Man-a), Galα1-4Galβ-(Gala1-4Galb), Manα1-6[Manα1-3]Manβ-(ManT), Man-α (Man-a), Glcα1-6Glcβ-(isomaltose), Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-(Ara5), Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAc-(Man9), GalNAc-β(GalNAc-b), Fuca1-2Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-(BG-H2), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-(LacNAc (trimeric)), Galα1-4Galβ-4Glc-(Pk or Gb3), Glcβ1-4Glcβ-(cellobiose), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1 (LNnT), Manα1-6Man-α (Mana1-6Man-a) Galα1-3Galβ1-4Galα-(Gal3), Galβ1-3(Siaα2-6)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(LSTb), GalNAc-α-(GalNAc-a), Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(LeA-LeX), Forssman antigen, and Ac(Galβ1-3GalNAcα)Ser-Gly-(Ac-TF(Ser)-G); and
comparing the determined levels of antibodies to the at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen to a control, so as to predict the long-term survival in the patient.

### Claim 26 (depends on 25)

The method of claim 25, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least two glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of GA2di, LNnH, SLeX, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galβ1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, Man-a, isolmaltose, Ara5, Man9, GalNAc-b, BG-H2, LacNAc (trimeric), Pk or Gb3, cellobiose, LNnT, Manα1-6Man-a, Ga13, LSTb, GalNAc-a, LeA-LeX, Forssman antigen, and Ac-TF(Ser)-G.

### Claim 27 (depends on 26)

The method of claim 26, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least three glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of GA2di, LNnH, SLeX, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galb1-6Man-a, GA1, Galα1-4Galb, ManT, Man-a, isolmaltose, Ara5, Man9, GalNAc-b, BG-H2, LacNAc (trimeric), Pk or Gb3, cellobiose, LNnT, Manα1-6Man-a, Ga13, LSTb, GalNAc-a, LeA-LeX, Forssman antigen, and Ac-TF(Ser)-G.

### Claim 28 (depends on 27)

The method of claim 27, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least four glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of GA2di, LNnH, SLeX, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galβ1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, Man-a, isolmaltose, Ara5, Man9, GalNAc-b, BG-H2, LacNAc (trimeric), Pk or Gb3, cellobiose, LNnT, Manα1-6Man-a, Ga13, LSTb, GalNAc-a, LeA-LeX, Forssman antigen, and Ac-TF(Ser)-G.

### Claim 29 (depends on 28)

The method of claim 28, wherein the serum sample is assayed to determine the levels of antibodies to at least five glycan and/or glycoprotein antigens selected from the group consisting of GA2di, LNnH, SLeX, Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G, Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galβ1-6Man-a, GA1, Gala1-4Galb, ManT, Man-a, isolmaltose, Ara5, Man9, GalNAc-b, BG-H2, LacNAc (trimeric), Pk or Gb3, cellobiose, LNnT, Manα1-6Man-a, Ga13, LSTb, GalNAc-a, LeA-LeX, Forssman antigen, and Ac-TF(Ser)-G.

### Claim 30

A kit for predicting the clinical response to a cancer vaccine in a patient sample from a patient having prostate cancer comprising a composition including at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4Glc-(GM3), Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-(BG-H1), GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di), Galβ-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Gala1-3Gal-(Bdi), Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Thr-Gly-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn (Thr)-G-G), BSM, Lactose, Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ-(LNT), Fuc-b, Fuc-a, Galβ1-6Man-α-(Galb1-6Man-a), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), Galα1-4Galβ3-(Galα1-4Galb), Manα1-6[Manα1-3]Manβ-(ManT), Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(pLNH), Rha-α-, GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), and Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn(Ser)-S-G).

### Claim 31

A kit for determining the immune response to a cancer vaccine in a patient sample from a patient having prostate cancer comprising a composition including at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen, GaINAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fuca1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), the Tn antigen, the TF antigen, Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Siaα2-3Galβ1-3[Fucα1-4]GlcNAcβ1-(SLeA), Fucα1-2Galβ1-4(Fuca1-3)GlcNAc-(LeY), Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4Glc-(GM3), Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ1-3Gal1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ-(BG-H1), GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Galα1-3Gal-(Bdi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(A-LeB), and fetuin.

### Claim 32

A kit for predicting the clinical response to a cancer vaccine in a patient sample from a patient having prostate cancer comprising a composition including at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of the Forssman antigen (e.g., the Forssman disaccharide), GalNAcα1-3Galβ-(Adi), GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A), fetuin, Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Ser-Ser-Gly-, Sialylα2-6Galβ1-4Glc-(6′ SLac), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4Glc-(GM3), Fuc-a, and GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Gal1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(A-LeB).

### Claim 33

A kit for predicting the long-term survival in a patient sample from a patient having prostate cancer comprising a composition including at least one glycan and/or glycoprotein antigen selected from the group consisting of GalNAcβ1-4Galβ-(GA2di), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3)Galβ-(LNnH), Sialylα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc-(SLeX), Ac-Ser-(GalNAcα)Thr-Gly-Gly-(Ac-S-Tn(Thr)-G-G), Fuc-a, Fuc-b, Galβ-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1-(GA1), Galβ1-6Man-α-(Galb1-6Man-a), Galα1-4Galβ-(Galα1-4Galb), Manα1-6[Manα1-3]Manβ-(ManT), Man-α (Man-a), Glcα1-6Glcβ-(isomaltose), Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-5Araα1-(Ara5), Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAc-(Man9), GalNAc-β (GalNAc-b), Fucα1-2Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-(BG-H2), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ-(LacNAc (trimeric)), Galα1-4Galβ-4Glc-(Pk or Gb3), Glcβ1-4Glcβ-(cellobiose), Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1 (LNnT), Manα1-6Man-α (Mana1-6Man-a) Galα1-3Galβ1-4Galα-(Gal3), Galβ1-3(Siaα2-6)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(LSTb), GalNAc-α-(GalNAc-a), Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-(LeA-LeX), Forssman antigen, and Ac(Galβ1-3GalNAcα)Ser-Gly-(Ac-TF(Ser)-G).

### Claim 34

A method for improving the efficacy of a virus-based vaccine in a patient comprising enhancing antibody responses to one or more glycans and/or glycoprotein antigens.

### Claim 35 (depends on 34)

The method of claim 34, wherein the antibody response to the Forssman antigen and/or GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A) is enhanced.

### Claim 36 (depends on 34)

The method of claim 34, wherein the antibody response to GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A) is enhanced.

### Claim 37

A method for improving the efficacy of a virus-based vaccine in a patient comprising altering levels of antibodies in the patient prior to vaccine therapy.

### Claim 38 (depends on 37)

The method of claim 37, wherein the levels of IgM antibodies are increased prior to vaccine therapy.

### Claim 39 (depends on 37)

The method of claim 37, wherein the patient is administered a composition comprising GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A).

### Claim 40 (depends on 39)

The method of claim 39, wherein the composition comprises a BG-A-containing protein, dendrimer, nanoparticle, liposome, or conjugate.

### Claim 41

A method for improving the efficacy of a virus-based vaccine in a patient comprising increasing the amounts of one or more glycans and/or glycoprotein antigens in the patient.

### Claim 42 (depends on 41)

The method of claim 41, wherein the amount of GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ-(BG-A) and/or the Forssman antigen is increased.