Dynamic estimation of cell core temperature by simple external measurements

A system for dynamically estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery in a vehicle during an operative period, wherein the vehicle receives at least a portion of its power from the battery, the system comprising:

• a plurality of sensors configured to transmit signals related to at least one of surface temperature, current, and voltage of the battery;
• a timing device configured to transmit signals related to the period of time from the initiation of a rest period to the termination of the rest period;
• a control system in signal communication with the plurality of sensors and the timing device, wherein the control system comprises a memory device and a controller in signal communication with the memory device with instructions for dynamically estimating the core temperature of at least one cell in a battery during an operative period and subsequent to a rest period, the instructions being written to:
• receive the surface temperature of the at least one cell, the current of the at least one cell, the voltage of the at least one cell, the state of charge of the at least one cell, the period of time from the initiation of the rest period to the termination of the rest period;
• determine an initial value of the lumped internal resistance of the at least one cell;
• and
• determine subsequent values of the lumped internal resistance recursively in real-time based on the initial value, the current, and the voltage;
• and
• determine the core temperature of the at least one cell based on the surface temperature, the current, the obtained time, and the lumped internal resistance.