Dna sequencing methods and detectors and systems for carrying out the same

A DNA molecule movement device comprising:

• a nanochannel having a first end, a second end opposite the first end, a top, and a bottom opposite the top;
• a pair of translation electrodes, comprising a first translation electrode at the first end and a second translation electrode at the second end;
• at least three pairs of orthogonal electrodes, each pair comprising a first orthogonal electrode at the top and a second orthogonal electrode at the bottom;
• and
• a control unit for individually controlling the voltage applied to at least one electrode of each electrode pair.

A method of orienting and sequencing a DNA molecule, the method comprising:

• providing a detection substrate comprising a nanotrough formed therein;
• binding at least one end of a DNA molecule to the nanotrough;
• scanning the DNA molecule with an atomic force microscope while the DNA molecule is bound in the nanotrough, to form signals;
• and
• determining the DNA sequence of the DNA molecule, using the signals.

A method comprising:

• providing a nanopore through a substrate comprising at least one layer of silica material, the nanopore comprising an inner sidewall having exposed silanol groups;
• reacting the exposed silanol groups with a nitrogen-containing monomer to convert the silanol groups to silane groups;
• and
• copolymerizing an esterified acrylic acid with an acrylamide in the presence of the silane groups such that the ester linkage of the acrylic acid reacts with the silane group, a hydroxylated release group is released, the acrylic acid covalently bonds to the silane groups, and a copolymerized product is formed on the inner sidewall.