Partially fluorinated cyclic ionic polymers and membranes

A polymer, comprising one or more of the repeat units (IA), (IB) or (IC):

• wherein R comprises a linear or branched perfluoroalkylene group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, optionally containing oxygen or chlorine;
• Q is chosen from F, —OM, —NH2, —NHCN, —N(M)SO2R2, —N(CN)SO2R2, —C(M)(CN)2, —C(M)(CN)(SO2R2) and —C(M)(SO2R2)2;
• R2 is an optionally fluorinated 1 to 14 carbon alkyl group, optionally containing ether oxygen linkages, or an optionally fluorinated 6-12 carbon aryl group;
• and
• M is independently H, an alkali cation, ammonium or substituted ammonium.