Methods and systems for measuring the frequency response and impulse response of objects and media

3) A method of optically probing an object(s) and/or a medium and/or an optical path including the object(s) or medium, the method comprising:

• a) illuminating the object(s) or the medium to induce, from the object(s) or medium, a plurality of noisy light response signals that are randomly or pseudo-randomly modulated, each induced noisy light response signal associated with a different respective target location of the object(s) or medium and with a different respective target-location-including optical path;
• b) simultaneously receiving into an optical detector an optical superimposition of the plurality of noisy light response signals so as to generate a combination electrical signal describing the optically superimposed plurality of received noisy light response signals;
• and
• c) determining or characterizing at least one of:
• i) a relationship between power and frequency of the combination electrical signal or a derivative thereof over a discrete or continuous spectrum;
• ii) a temporal autocorrelation function of the combination electrical signal.