Toner, method of manufacturing toner, developer, and image forming method

A method of manufacturing toner, comprising:

• preparing a first liquid by dissolving or dispersing toner components in an organic solvent, said toner components including a calixarene having a halogen group and one or both of a binder resin and a precursor of the binder resin;
• preparing a second liquid by emulsifying or dispersing the first liquid in an aqueous medium;
• removing the organic solvent from the second liquid;
• preparing a third liquid by washing the second liquid from which the organic solvent is removed;
• and
• adding a charge controlling agent having a halogen group to the third liquid.

An image forming method, comprising:

• charging a photoreceptor;
• emitting light onto the charged photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image thereon;
• developing the electrostatic latent image into a toner image with toner;
• and
• transferring the toner image from the photoreceptor onto a recording material,
• wherein the toner includes:
• a mother toner comprising a binder resin and a calixarene having a halogen group;
• and
• a charge controlling agent having a halogen group that is present on a surface of the mother toner,
• wherein a ratio of halogen ion to carbon ion on a surface of the toner is from 0.01 to 0.5, said ratio determined from number of counts measured by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy.