Cooling systems using coatings with surface energy gradient

7) A method of cooling an electronic device comprising the steps of

• 1) delivering coolant fluid to the proximal location of a cooling system comprising a plurality of coolant channels comprising a fluid-impervious surface comprising a base surface device, the base surface having at least one distinct region of length L and width W covered by a mixed monolayer, the mixed monolayer comprising a species having a functional group M1 and a species having a functional group M2 where M1 and M2 have different surface energies, the mixed monolayer forming a surface energy gradient from a proximal location to a distal location within the region wherein L equals the distance from the proximal location to the distal location, W is 20 nanometers or greater, and the ratio of L/W is greater than 2 and wherein any portions of the surface that border the at least one distinct region along the dimension L have substantially equal surface energies,
• 2) allowing the attractive surface forces from the surface energy gradient to improve or assist transportation of the coolant from the proximal location to a distal location, and
• 3) transferring heat from the electronic device to the coolant fluid through the walls of the coolant channels.