Material and device properties modification by electrochemical charge injection in the absence of contacting electrolyte for either local spatial or final states

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance, and
• (v) the device operates predominately by the transfer of ions between said first and said second electrode.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance, and
• (v) the device operates predominately via the transfer of ions in the electrolyte to ions in an electrochemical double layer on the electrodes.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance, and
• (v) the device is used as a sensor for nanoprobe microscopy, wherein charge-injection-based tuning of the electrode component C can be used for (a) tunneling-based imaging;
• (b) force-based imaging using forces selected from the group consisting of magnetic forces, electrostatic forces, and combinations thereof;
• and (c) combinations thereof.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance,
• (v) the means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes is provided, at least in part, by an electron beam that contacts said nanostructured electrode component C,
• (vi) the device comprises an array of nanostructured electrode components C that are not directly electronically interconnected, wherein the nanostructured electrode components C are contacted with a solid state electrolyte, and
• (vii) the device is operable for assembling nano-size objects.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance, and
• (v) the device is operable for obtaining electronically tunable thermal conductivity.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance, and
• (v) the device is operable for material adsorption, wherein nanostructured electrode component C is used for adsorbing a material and wherein the adsorption of this material is changeable by using a potential change to vary the degree of charge injection in C.

A device having tunable response that comprises:

• (a) a nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and an electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode;
• (b) an ionically conducting material that is substantially electronically non-conducting that connects said first and said second electrochemical electrodes;
• and
• (c) a means of providing a voltage between said first and said second electrochemical electrodes, wherein
• (i) the electrode component C is not in direct contact with an electrolyte,
• (ii) the electrode component C has an achievable capacitance of above about 0.1 F/g for substantially non-faradaic charging,
• (iii) the major volume fraction of C does not function predominately as a catalyst,
• (iv) properties changes of the electrode component C in response to predominately non-faradaically injected charge are used to achieve device performance,
• (v) said nanostructured electrode component C of a first electrochemical electrode and said electrode component D of a second electrochemical electrode are the same element and this element is semiconducting before charge injection, and
• (vi) the device is operable for light emission, and wherein the device emits light as a result of the recombination of holes and electrons in the said same element.