Semiconductor device

A semiconductor device comprising:

• a barrier layer with a thickness that allows transmission of a plurality of electrons by direct tunneling;
• and
• a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer that are disposed so as to sandwich the barrier layer, wherein a band gap of the barrier layer is wider than band gaps of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, wherein
• an energy level of a plurality of holes at an upper end of a valence band of the barrier layer is higher than an energy level of a plurality of holes at an upper end of a valence band of the n-type semiconductor layer under a state in which a flat band voltage that makes energy bands of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer flat is applied between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer;
• and
• an energy level of a plurality of electrons at the upper end of the valence band of the p-type semiconductor layer is equal to or higher than an energy level of a plurality of electrons at the lower end of the conduction band of the n-type semiconductor layer in a region that is further away from a bending portion of an energy band at an interface between the barrier layer and the n-type semiconductor layer and an interface between the barrier layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, under an equilibrium state without any voltage being applied.

A receiver comprising:

• a detector;
• and
• an amplifier that is coupled to the detector, wherein
• the detector includes:
• a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer that are joined by sandwiching a depletion layer with a thickness that allows transmission of a plurality of electrons and holes by direct tunneling, wherein
• a forbidden band of the n-type semiconductor layer and a forbidden band of the p-type semiconductor layer partially overlap under a state in which a flat band voltage that makes energy bands of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer flat is applied between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer;
• and
• an energy level of a plurality of electrons at an upper end of a valence band of the p-type semiconductor layer is equal to or higher than an energy level of a plurality of electrons at a lower end of a conduction band of the n-type semiconductor layer in a region that is further away from the depletion layer than a bending portion of the energy band which is contiguous with the depletion layer, under an equilibrium state without any voltage being applied.

A receiver comprising:

• a detector;
• and
• an amplifier that is coupled to the detector, wherein
• the detector includes:
• a barrier layer with a thickness that allows transmission of a plurality of electrons by direct tunneling, and
• a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer that are disposed so as to sandwich the barrier layer, wherein
• a band gap of the barrier layer is wider than band gaps of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer;
• an energy level of a plurality of holes at an upper end of a valence band of the barrier layer is higher than an energy level of a plurality of holes at an upper end of a valence band of the n-type semiconductor layer under a state in which a flat band voltage that makes energy bands of the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer flat is applied between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer;
• and
• an energy level of a plurality of electrons at an upper end of a valence band of the p-type semiconductor layer is equal to or higher than an energy level of a plurality of electrons at a lower end of a conduction band of the n-type semiconductor layer in a region that is further away from an interface between the barrier layer and the n-type semiconductor layer, and an interface between the barrier layer and the p-type semiconductor layer than a bending portion of the energy band at the interfaces under an equilibrium state without any voltage being applied.