# US 2010/0166115 A1 · Phase error detection with conditional probabilities

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- Number: US 2010/0166115 A1
- Document ID: US20100166115A1
- Status: Published application
- Kind: A1
- Application number: 12/317,970
- Filed: 2008-12-31
- Published: 2010-07-01
- Earliest claimed: 2008-12-31
- Assignees: Intel Corporation
- Inventors: Thushara Hewavithana; Bernard Arambepola; Parveen K. Shukla; Sahan S. Gamage; Vinesh Bhunjun
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20100166115A1

## CPC

- H04L 27/3827: {in which the carrier is recovered using only the demodulated baseband signals}
- H04L 27/2273: {associated with quadrature demodulation, e.g. Costas loop}
- H04L 2027/003: {at baseband only}
- H04L 2027/0036: {using a recovered symbol clock}
- H04L 2027/0038: {using an equaliser}
- H04L 2027/0057: {quadrature phase}
- H04L 2027/0067: {Phase error detectors}
- H04L 2027/0069: {Loop filters}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)

## Abstract

Apparatuses, systems, and methods that employ conditional probabilities to calculate phase errors are disclosed. For a received signal, the embodiments may develop several phase error estimates relative to each point of a constellation, the number and location of points of the constellation depending on the modulation technique of the received signal. In addition to calculating the phase error estimates, the embodiments may also calculate weights, or probabilities, associated with each of the estimates. The embodiments may use the estimates and the weights to calculate a composite phase error estimate. The composite phase error estimate may be used to correct the received signal and eliminate or reduce the impact of the phase error.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method, comprising:
calculating a plurality of estimates of phase error for an input signal, wherein the plurality of estimates are for a constellation of points;
calculating a plurality of weights of conditional probabilities that correspond to the estimates of phase error;
multiplying individual estimates of phase error with individual weights to produce a plurality of weighted estimates; and
dividing a first sum of the plurality of weighted estimates by a second sum of the plurality of weights to determine a composite estimate of phase error.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a transmitted signal at a tuner to generate the input signal, wherein the input signal comprises an “I” component and a “Q” component.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising filtering the composite estimate of phase error via a loop filter, wherein the loop filter comprises a proportional component and an integral component.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, further comprising controlling the closed-loop bandwidth of a phase locked loop via a phase rotator and a complex exponential, wherein the complex exponential is from an oscillator coupled to the loop filter.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method of claim 4, wherein the calculating the plurality of estimates of phase error comprise solving ε=Q C1−I CQ for at least two points of the constellation of points, wherein further (I+jQ) comprises the input signal, wherein further C1+jCQ comprises a point of the constellation of points.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein the calculating the plurality of weights of conditional probabilities comprises solving
p

(
R
/
C
)
=
1
2

σ
2

exp

(
-

C
-
R

2
/
2

σ
2
)
for the at least two points.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The method of claim 6, wherein the dividing the dividing the first sum of the plurality of weighted estimates by the second sum of the plurality of weights comprises solving
ɛ
=
W
A

ɛ
A
+
W
B

ɛ
B
+
W
C

ɛ
C
+
W
D

ɛ
D
W
A
+
W
B
+
W
C
+
W
D
,
wherein WA, WB, WC, and WD, comprise the calculated weights of conditional probabilities of constellation points A, B, C, and D, respectively, and εA, εB, εC, and εD, comprise the calculated estimates of phase error referenced to constellation points A, B, C, and D, respectively, wherein further the constellation points are quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) constellation points.

### Claim 8

An apparatus, comprising:
an estimator to determine estimates of phase error for an input signal, wherein the estimates are referenced to a constellation of points;
a probability determiner to determine weights of probabilities for the estimates of phase error; and
an error calculator to calculate a composite error of phase for the input signal based on the estimates of phase error and the weights of probabilities, wherein the composite error comprises a quotient of a numerator and a denominator, wherein further the numerator comprises a first sum of products of the estimates of phase error and the weights of probabilities, wherein further the denominator comprises a second sum of the weights of probabilities.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the estimator is configured to determine an estimate of a point by calculating ε=Q C1−I CQ, wherein ε comprises the estimate, (I+jQ) comprises the input signal, and C1+jCQ comprises the point of the constellation of points.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the probability determiner is configured to calculate
p

(
R
/
C
)
=
1
2

σ
2

exp

(
-

C
-
R

2
/
2

σ
2
)
,
wherein p comprises a weight of probability for a point, C, of the constellation of points and R comprises the input signal.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the probability determiner is configured to determine the exponential function via a look-up table.

### Claim 12 (depends on 10)

The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the error calculator is configured to extract a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from data of the input signal and use the SNR to calculate the composite error.

### Claim 13 (depends on 8)

The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the error calculator is configured to calculate the composite error via only four points of the constellation, wherein further the four points are the closest four points to the signal input for a 32-phase asymmetric phase shift keying constellation.

### Claim 14 (depends on 8)

The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the error calculator is configured to calculate the composite error, ε, by solving
ɛ
=
∑
C
∈
S

p

(
R
/
C
)

(
QC
I
-
IC
Q
)
∑
C
∈
S

p

(
R
/
C
)
.

### Claim 15

A system, comprising:
a tuner to generate in-phase (“I”) and quadrature-phase (“Q”) components of an input signal;
a demodulator to demodulate the input signal; and
a phase error detector to detect a composite error of phase of the input signal with reference to a constellation of points, wherein the composite error comprises a quotient of a numerator and a denominator, wherein further the numerator comprises a first sum of products of estimates of phase error and weights of probabilities associated with the estimates, wherein further the denominator comprises a second sum of the weights of probabilities.

### Claim 16 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, further comprising a central processing unit, memory, and an access card interface, wherein the phase error detector is a component of the demodulator, wherein further the phase error detector is arranged to correct the phase error via the composite error and a phase rotator.

### Claim 17 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, wherein the phase error detector is configured to calculate the composite error by calculating ε=Q C1−I CQ, wherein ε comprises an estimate relative to a point of the constellation, (I+jQ) comprises the input signal, and C1+jCQ comprises the point of the constellation of points.

### Claim 18 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, wherein the phase error detector is configured to compute the composite error by computing
ɛ
=
∑
C
∈
S

p

(
R
/
C
)

(
QC
I
-
IC
Q
)
∑
C
∈
S

p

(
R
/
C
)
,
wherein ε comprises the composite error, p comprises a weight of probability for a point, C, of the constellation, and R comprises the input signal.

### Claim 19 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, further comprising a central processing unit, memory, and an access card interface, wherein the phase error detector is a component of the demodulator, wherein further the phase error detector is arranged to correct the phase error via the composite error and a phase rotator.

### Claim 20 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, wherein the tuner is configured to generate the in-phase and quadrature-phase components from a microwave signal, wherein further the system comprises a mobile device.

### Claim 21 (depends on 15)

The system of claim 15, wherein the constellation of points comprises exactly four points of at least one of an 8-phase phase shift keying (8 PSK) constellation, a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation, and a 32-QPSK constellation.

### Claim 22

A machine-accessible medium containing instructions, which when executed by a machine, cause said machine to perform operations, comprising:
computing a plurality of estimates of phase error for an input signal, wherein the plurality of estimates is for a constellation of points;
computing a plurality of weights of conditional probabilities that correspond to the estimates of phase error;
multiplying individual estimates of phase error with individual weights to produce a plurality of weighted estimates; and
dividing the plurality of weighted estimates by a sum of the plurality of weights to determine a composite estimate of phase error.

### Claim 23 (depends on 23)

The machine-accessible medium of claim 23, wherein computing the plurality of estimates of phase error comprise solving ε=Q C1−I CQ for each point of the constellation, wherein further ε comprises an estimate relative to a point of the constellation, (I+jQ) comprises the input signal, and C1+jCQ comprises the point of the constellation of points.

### Claim 24 (depends on 22)

The machine-accessible medium of claim 22, wherein computing the plurality of weights comprises solving
p

(
R
/
C
)
=
1
2

σ
2

exp

(
-

C
-
R

2
/
2

σ
2
)
,
wherein p comprises a weight of probability for a point, C, of the constellation and R comprises the input signal.

### Claim 25 (depends on 22)

The machine-accessible medium of claim 22, wherein the constellation of points comprises a phase shift keying (PSK) constellation of at least four phases.