# US 2009/0260425 A1 · Osmotic reaction detector for monitoring biological and non-biological reactions > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2009/0260425 A1 - Document ID: US20090260425A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 12/493,668 - Filed: 2009-06-29 - Published: 2009-10-22 - Earliest claimed: 2003-12-18 - Assignees: Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated - Inventors: Francisco E. Torres; Eric Shrader; Karl Littau - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20090260425A1 ## CPC - G01N 13/04: Investigating osmotic effects - Y10S 436/807: Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures - G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q) - Y10S: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS ## Abstract An apparatus and system for measuring the presence or absence of reaction between a first and second material of interest by measuring osmotic pressure changes of reaction detector. The reaction detector is capable of measuring the small changes in pressure that occur due to osmotic pressure shifts during a catalytic or binding reaction at species concentrations down to approximately 10−7 M. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An osmotic reaction detector for monitoring reactivity in reactions between a first material of interest and a second material of interest by measuring pressure changes in said detector as a result of a change in concentration of impermeable species in said detector, said detector comprising: a body defining an interior chamber; a semi-permeable membrane incorporated within said body, wherein said semi-permeable membrane is impermeable to said first and second materials of interest and reaction products formed therefrom and permeable to a carrier fluid; and a pressure sensor for measuring charges in osmotic pressure of the detector. ### Claim 2 A detector according to 1, wherein said semi-permeable membrane comprises a membrane having molecular weight cutoffs ranging from 100 Dalton to 300,000 Dalton. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A detector according to claim 1, wherein said pressure sensor comprises an electroactive polymer. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) A detector according to claim 3, wherein said electroactive polymer comprises at least one of acrylic and silicone. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) A detector according to claim 1, wherein said pressure sensor is a diaphragm having a spring constant of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 2.5 N/m2. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) A detector according to claim 5, wherein an amount of deformation of said diaphragm is measured by a change in capacitance of said diaphragm. ### Claim 7 An osmotic reaction detector for monitoring reactivity in reactions between a first material of interest and a second material of interest by measuring pressure changes in said detector as a result of a change in concentration of impermeable species in said detector, said detector comprising: a body defining an interior chamber; a semi-permeable membrane incorporated within said body, wherein said semi-permeable membrane is impermeable to said first and second materials of interest and reaction products formed therefrom and permeable to a carrier fluid, said semi-permeable membrane positioned in fluid contact with and between a reaction mixture and a reference solution, said reaction mixture comprising a carrier fluid, the first material of interest and the second material of interest and said reference solution comprising any one or combination of the first material, the second material, a surrogate reference material and the carrier fluid; and a pressure sensor positioned and designed to detect and measure changes in pressure in the reference solution which occur as a result of a change in concentration in said reaction mixture of one or more of said first material, second material, surrogate reference material or reaction products formed from said first and second materials. ### Claim 8 A detector according to 7, wherein said semi-permeable membrane comprises a membrane having molecular weight cutoffs ranging from 100 Dalton to 300,000 Dalton. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) A detector according to claim 7, wherein said pressure sensor comprises an electroactive polymer. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) A detector according to claim 9, wherein said electroactive polymer comprises at least one of acrylic and silicone. ### Claim 11 (depends on 7) A detector to claim 7, wherein said pressure sensor is a diaphragm having a spring constant of from approximately 0.1 to approximately 2.5 N/m2. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) A detector according to claim 11, wherein an amount of deformation of said diaphragm is measured by a change in capacitance of said diaphragm. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) A detector according to claim 11, wherein said amount of deformation is measured by a change in the deflection of light incident on said diaphragm. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) A detector method according to claim 1, wherein said pressure sensor is a reference solution mixture height detector in an osmotic cell which measures the change in reference solution height in said osmotic reaction detector. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) A detector according to claim 14, wherein said reference solution height is measured by determining the resistance between two spaced apart conductors positioned in said osmotic reaction detector. ### Claim 16 An osmotic reaction detector system, including a plurality of osmotic reaction detectors for monitoring reactivity in reactions between a first material of interest and a second material of interest by measuring pressure changes in said detectors as a result of a change in concentration of impermeable species in said detectors, said detectors of the system comprising: a body defining an interior chamber; a semi-permeable membrane incorporated within said body, wherein said semi-permeable membrane is impermeable to said first and second materials of interest and reaction products formed therefrom and permeable to a carrier fluid, said semi-permeable membrane positioned in fluid contact with and between a reaction mixture and a reference solution, said reaction mixture comprising a carrier fluid, the first material of interest and the second material of interest and said reference solution comprising nay one or combination of the first material, the second material, a surrogate reference material and a carrier fluid; and a pressure sensor positioned and designed to detect and measure changes in pressure in the reference solution which occur as a result of a change in concentration in said reaction mixture of one or more of said first material, second material, surrogate reference material or reaction products formed from said first and second materials. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) A system according to claim 16, including the plurality of osmotic reaction detectors, wherein at least two osmotic reaction detectors of the plurality utilize at least one different first or second materials from each other. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) A system according to claim 17, including a plurality of pressure sensors for monitoring the osmotic reaction detectors for substantially simultaneous monitoring reactivity in the reactions between the first materials of interest and the second materials of interest. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) A system according to claim 17, wherein one of said reference solution or reaction mixture is held within a titer plate. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) A system according to claim 19, wherein the plurality of osmotic reaction detectors are positioned by an automated robotic arm.