Platinum Complexes For Targeted Drug Delivery

A platinum complex having the structure shown in formula I or II:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —NO2, —ONO, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R1 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, I, or F;
• R2 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R3 is independently, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, —NH3, —NHR7, NH2R7, —NH(R7)2, —N(R7)3—N-alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen,
• —NO2, or —COOH;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A platinum complex having the structure shown in formula III:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R4 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, or F;
• R5 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R6 is, independently, NH2, NH, NHR7, N(R7)2, NHR8, N(R8)2, NHR9, N(R9)2, or NR8R9;
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —NO2, or —COOH;
• R8 and R9 are, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, or —OH, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• R12 and R13 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, or R12 and R13 together form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A platinum complex having the structure shown in formula IV, VA, or VB:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —OH, H2O, or —SO(CH3)2;
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• A is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R1 is, independently, NH2, NH, NR4, NHR4, N(R4)2, NR5, NHR5, N(R5)2, or NR4R5;
• R2 and R3 are, independently, H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• R4 and R5 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, and heteroarylcarbonyl or R4 and R5 together form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A method for treating an oncological or inflammatory disorder in a patient, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a platinum complex, wherein said platinum complex has the structure shown in a) formula I or II:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —NO2, —ONO, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R1 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, I, or F;
• R2 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R3 is independently, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, —NH3, —NHR7, NH2R7, —NH(R7)2, —N(R7)3—N-alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen,
• —NO2, or —COOH;
• or
• b) the structure shown in formula III:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R4 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, or F;
• R5 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R6 is, independently, NH2, NH, NHR7, N(R7)2, NHR8, N(R8)2, NHR9, N(R9)2, or NR8R9;
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —NO2, or —COOH;
• R8 and R9 are, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, or —OH, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• R12 and R13 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, or R12 and R13 together form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or
• c) the structure shown in formula IV, VA, or VB:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —OH, H2O, or —SO(CH3)2;
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• A is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R1 is, independently, NH2, NH, NR4, NHR4, N(R4)2, NR5, NHR5, N(R5)2, or NR4R5;
• R2 and R3 are, independently, H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• R4 and R5 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, and heteroarylcarbonyl or R4 and R5 together form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the above platinum complexes.

A method for treating or preventing a viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection in a patient, said method comprising administering an effective amount of a platinum complex, wherein said platinum complex has the structure shown in a) formula I or II:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —NO2, —ONO, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R1 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, I, or F;
• R2 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R3 is independently, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, —NH3, —NHR7, NH2R7, —NH(R7)2, —N(R7)3—N-alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen,
• —NO2, or —COOH;
• or
• b) the structure shown in formula III:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R4 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, or F;
• R5 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R6 is, independently, NH2, NH, NHR7, N(R7)2, NHR8, N(R8)2, NHR9, N(R9)2, or NR8R9;
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —NO2, or —COOH;
• R8 and R9 are, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, or —OH, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• R12 and R13 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, or R12 and R13 together form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or
• c) the structure shown in formula IV, VA, or VB:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —OH, H2O, or —SO(CH3)2;
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• A is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R1 is, independently, NH2, NH, NR4, NHR4, N(R4)2, NR5, NHR5, N(R5)2, or NR4R5;
• R2 and R3 are, independently, H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• R4 and R5 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, and heteroarylcarbonyl or R4 and R5 together form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the above platinum complexes.

A method for synthesis of a platinum complex, said method comprising:

• a) mixing cisplatin or transplatin in water and an organic solvent;
• b) mixing into the mixture of step (a) a biotin containing ligand capable of bonding to the platinum of cisplatin or transplatin to form the platinum complex product;
• c) contacting the mixture of step (b) with nitrogen dioxide gas;
• and
• d) separating the platinum complex product from the solvent.

A method for inhibiting the function, growth, and/or replication of a cell, wherein said cell is aberrantly or constitutively expressing STAT, wherein said method comprises contacting said cell with an effective amount of a platinum complex, wherein said platinum complex has the structure shown in a) formula I or II:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —NO2, —ONO, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R1 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, I, or F;
• R2 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R3 is independently, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, —NH3, —NHR7, NH2R7, —NH(R7)2, —N(R7)3—N-alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen,
• —NO2, or —COOH;
• or
• b) the structure shown in formula III:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R4 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, or F;
• R5 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R6 is, independently, NH2, NH, NHR7, N(R7)2, NHR8, N(R8)2, NHR9, N(R9)2, or NR8R9;
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —NO2, or —COOH;
• R8 and R9 are, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, or —OH, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• R12 and R13 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, or R12 and R13 together form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or
• c) the structure shown in formula IV, VA, or VB:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —OH, H2O, or —SO(CH3)2;
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• A is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R1 is, independently, NH2, NH, NR4, NHR4, N(R4)2, NR5, NHR5, N(R5)2, or NR4R5;
• R2 and R3 are, independently, H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• R4 and R5 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, and heteroarylcarbonyl or R4 and R5 together form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the above platinum complexes.

A method for treating a biological product in vitro contaminated with a virus, said method comprising contacting said biological product with an effective amount of a platinum complex, wherein said platinum complex has the structure shown in a) formula I or II:

• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —NO2, —ONO, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R1 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, I, or F;
• R2 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R3 is independently, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, —NH3, —NHR7, NH2R7, —NH(R7)2, —N(R7)3—N-alkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen,
• —NO2, or —COOH;
• or
• b) the structure shown in formula III:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, or the structure:
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• R4 is —NO2, —ONO, —OH, Cl, Br, or F;
• R5 is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R6 is, independently, NH2, NH, NHR7, N(R7)2, NHR8, N(R8)2, NHR9, N(R9)2, or NR8R9;
• R7 is H, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —NO2, or —COOH;
• R8 and R9 are, independently, H, C1-6 alkyl, or —OH, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• R12 and R13 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, or R12 and R13 together form an aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, any of which can be optionally substituted with any halogen, —COOH, —OH, —NO2, —NH2, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or
• c) the structure shown in formula IV, VA, or VB:
• wherein
• X and Y are, independently, any halogen, —OH, H2O, or —SO(CH3)2;
• or X and Y together form the structure:
• A is a biotin-containing molecule;
• R1 is, independently, NH2, NH, NR4, NHR4, N(R4)2, NR5, NHR5, N(R5)2, or NR4R5;
• R2 and R3 are, independently, H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• R4 and R5 are, independently, H or C1-6 alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, and heteroarylcarbonyl or R4 and R5 together form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl, any of which can be optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, or heteroarylcarbonyl;
• and
• n is any integer from 0 to 6;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the above platinum complexes.