A method of modulating a selected biological activity of a naturally occurring material having one or more biological activities in an extract of the naturally occurring material, the method comprising incubating the extract in a medium in the presence of an aerobically metabolizing microorganism, under suitable aerobic conditions, for a period of time sufficient to modulate the selected activity with respect to baseline activity of the unincubated extract, wherein the extract is selected from the group consisting of Centella asiatica extract, caffeine, resveratrol, white birch extract, spinach extract, Pterocarpus ulei extract, Aniba purchyriminor extract, plant essential oils, N-acetyl glucosamine, and mannose-6 phosphate.