A method for transporting an anesthetic agent into and/or across mammalian skin, comprising applying to the skin a vesicular composition comprising:
- (a) vesicles comprising:
- (i) a phosphatidylcholine;
- (ii) a non-ionic surfactant;
- and
- (iii) an anaesthetic agent that is in the form of a salt;
- wherein the non-ionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 2.5 mol % to 10 mol % of the amount of the phosphatidyl choline;
- and
- (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable, polar liquid medium,
- wherein the barrier transport resistance (p*) of the vesicular composition according to the following equation:
- P
-
- (
- p
- )
- =
- p
- max
- ·
- {
- 1
- -
- erf
- (
- p
- *
- p
- )
- +
- 4
-
- p
- *
- π
-
-
- p
- ·
- exp
-
- [
- -
- p
- *
- p
- ]
- }
- is higher than 50%,
- wherein
- P(p) is the barrier penetrability as a function of transport driving pressure;
- p is the transport driving pressure;
- and
- pmax is the maximum possible penetrability of the barrier.