Method of treating acid-sensing ion channel mediated pain, cough suppression, and central nervous system disorders

A method of treating one of more conditions selected from the group consisting of pain, ischemic pain due to cardiovascular disease, stroke-induced neural damage, pain due to arthritis, ischemic pain due to cancer, pain due to inflammation, pain due to infection, pain due to infection, ischemic pain due to oropharengeal diseases or damage, ischemic pain due to traumatic injuries, acute and chronic cough, pain due to gastrointestinal disorders, central nervous system disorders, psychiatric diseases or manifestations, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula I to a subject in need thereof:

• and racemates, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, thereof, wherein:
• X is hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, lower alkyl-thio, phenyl-lower alkyl-thio, lower alkyl-sulfonyl, or phenyl-lower alkyl-sulfonyl;
• Y is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl-thio, halogen, lower alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted mononuclear aryl, or —N(R2)2;
• R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
• each R2 is, independently, —R7, —(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)mR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, 13 (CH2)n-(Z)g-R7, —(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, or
• R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, hydroxyl-lower alkyl, phenyl, (phenyl)-lower alkyl, (halophenyl)-lower alkyl, ((lower-alkyl)phenyl)-lower-alkyl, ((lower-alkoxy)phenyl)-lower-alkyl, (naphthyl)-lower-alkyl, or (pyridyl)-lower-alkyl, or a group represented by formula A or formula B, with the proviso that at least one of R3 and R4 is a group represented by the formula A or formula B;
• —(C(RL)2)o-x-(C(RL)2)pA1 formula A:
• —(C(RL)2)o-x-(C(RL)2)pA2 formula B:
• A1 is a C6-C15-membered aromatic carbocycle substituted with at least one R5 and the remaining substituents are R6;
• A2 is a six to fifteen-membered aromatic heterocycle substituted with at least one R5 and the remaining substituents are R6 wherein said aromatic heterocycle comprises 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S;
• each RL is, independently, —R7, —(CH2)n—OR8, —O—(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)n—NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10, —(CH2)n-(Z)gR7, —O—(CH2)m-(Z)g-R7, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, —O—(CH2)m—CO2R7, —OSO3H, —O-glucuronide, -O-glucose,
• each o is, independently, an integer from 0 to 10;
• each p is, independently, an integer from 0 to 10;
• with the proviso that the sum of o and p in each contiguous chain is from 1 to 10;
• each x is, independently, O, NR10, C(═O), CHOH, C(═N—R10), CHNR7R10, or a single bond;
• each R5 is, independently, OH, —(CH2)m—OR8, —O—(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)n—NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10, —(CH2)n-(Z)gR7, —O—(CH2)m-(Z)gR7, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, —O—(CH2)m—CO2R7, —OSO3H, —O-glucuronide, —O-glucose,
• —(CH2)n—CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m—CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g—CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g—CO2R13, (CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CO2R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—(CO2R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m(Z)g-CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g(CHOR8)m-(Z)g—CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CO2R13, —(CH2)n—CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—CO—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, (CH2)nl(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—CONR7—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—CONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g—CONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONR7—CONR13R13, Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CNR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n(Z)g(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7-CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—CONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)m—CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)mCONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n, -(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—SO2NR13R13 , —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—-SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mSO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mSO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)n-(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-SO2NR13R13, —(CH2)n—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10)—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—CONR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g—CONR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR13R13, —(CH2)n—CONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)m—CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7COR13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g(CH2)mCONR7COR13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7COR13, —(CH2)n—CONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-CONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—CO NR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—CONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—CONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g- CONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mCONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g—CONR7CO2R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-CONR7CO2R13, —(CH2)n—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, (CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mNH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)mNH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-NH—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, Het-(CH2)m—C(═NH)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-C(═NH)—NR13R13, Het-(CH2)m-(Z)g-C(═NH)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, Het-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m(CHOR8)n—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—C(═NHC(═NR13)—NR13R13, Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—C(═N R13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-C(═NR13)—NR13R13, -Het-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CHOR8)m-(Z)g-C(═NR13)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NR12R12, —O—(CH2)m—NR12R12, —O—(CH2)n—NR12R12, —O—(CH2)m(Z)gR12, —(CH2)nNR11R11, —O—(CH2)mNR11R11, —(CH2)n—N⊕—(R11)3, —O—(CH2)m—N⊕—(R11)3, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m—NR10R10, —O—(CH2)m-(Z)g-(CH2)m—NR10R10, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR12R12, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR12R12, —(CH2)n—(C═O)NR12R12, —O—(CH2)m—(C═O)NR12R12, —O—(CH2)m—(CHOR8)mCH2NR10-(Z)g-R10, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)mCH2—NR10-(Z)g-R10, —(CH2)nNR10—O(CH2)m(CHOR8)nCH2NR10-(Z)g-R10, —O(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m—(CHOR8)nCH2NR10-(Z)g-R10, -(Het)-(CH2)m—OR8, -(Het)-(CH2)m—NR7R10, -(Het)-(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, -(Het)-(CH2CH2CH2O)m—R8, -(Het)-(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, -(Het)-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10, -(Het)-(CH2)m-(Z)g-R7, -(Het)-(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, -(Het)-(CH2)m—CO2R7, -(Het)-(CH2)m—NR12R12, -(Het)-(CH2)n—NR12R12, -(Het)-(CH2)m-(Z)gR12, -(Het)-(CH2)mNR11R11, -(Het)-(CH2)m—N⊕—(R11)3, -(Het)-(CH2)m-(Z)g-(CH2)n, —NR10R10, -(Het)-(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR12R12, -(Het)-(CH2)m—(C═O)NR12R12, -(Het)-(CH2)m—(CHOR8)mCH2NR10-(Z)g-R10, -(Het)-(CH2)m—NR10—(CH2)m—(CHOR8)nCH2NR10-(Z)g-R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, Link-(CH2)n-CAP, Link-(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n-CAP, Link-(CH2CH2O)m—CH2-CAP, Link-(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2-CAP, Link-(CH2)n-(Z)g-CAP, Link-(CH2)n(Z)g-(CH2)m-CAP, Link-(CH2)n—NR13—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n-CAP, Link-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)mCH2—NR13-(Z)g-CAP, Link-(CH2)nNR13—(CH2)m(CHOR8)nCH2NR13-(Z)g-CAP, -Link-(CH2)m-(Z)g-(CH2)m-CAP, Link-NH—C(═O)—NH—(CH2)m-CAP, Link-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR13—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR10R10, Link-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR13—(CH2)m-CAP, Link-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR11R11, Link-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR12R12, Link-(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CAP, Link-(Z)g-(CH2)m-Het-(CH2)m-CAP, Link-(CH2)n—CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n-CR11R11-CAP, Link -(CH2CH2O)m—CH2-CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2-CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)n-(Z)g-CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)n(Z)g-(CH2)m—CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)n—NR13-CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)n—(CHOR8)mCH2—NR13-(Z)g CR11R11 CAP, Link-(CH2)nNR13—(CH2)m(CHOR8)nCH2NR13-(Z)g-CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)m-(Z)g-(CH2)m—CR11R11-CAP, Link NH—C(═O)—NH—(CH2)m—CR11R11-CAP, Link-(CH2)m—C(═O)NR13—(CH2)m—CR11R11-CAP, Link (CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)m-(Z)g-CR11R11-CAP, or Link-(Z)g-(CH2)m-Het-(CH2)m—CR11R11-CAP;
• each R6 is, independently, R5, —R7, —OR11, —N(R7)2, —(CH2)m—OR8, —O—(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)n—NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-R7, —O—(CH2)m-(Z)g-R7, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR7, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, —O—(CH2)m—CO2R7, —OSO3H, —O-glucuronide, —O-glucose,
• wherein when two R6 are —OR11 and are located adjacent to each other on the aromatic carbocycle or aromatic heterocycle, the two OR11 may form a methylenedioxy group;
• each R7 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl or —CH2(CHOR8 )m—CH2OR8;
• each R8 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, —C(═O)—R11, glucuronide, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, or
• each R9 is, independently, —CO2R7, —CON(R7)2, —SO2CH3, —C(═O)R7, —CO2R13, —CON(R13)2, —SO2CH2R13, or —C(═O)R13;
• each R10 is, independently, —H, —SO2CH3, —CO2R7, —C(═O)NR7R9, —C(═O)R7, or —CH2—(CHOH)n—CH2OH;
• each Z is, independently, —(CHOH)—, —C(═O)—, —(CHNR7R10)—, —(C═NR10)—, —NR10—, —(CH2)n—, —(CHNR13R13)—, —(C═NR13)—, or —NR13—;
• each R11 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, phenyl lower alkyl or substituted phenyl lower alkyl;
• each R12 is, independently, —SO2CH3, —CO2R7, —C(═O)NR13R7, —C(═O)R7, —CH2(CHOH)n—CH2OH, —CO2R13, —C(═O)NR13R13, or —C(═O)R13;
• each R13 is, independently, R7, R10, —(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)m—NR7R7, —(CH2)m—NR11R11, —(CH2)m—(NR11R11R11)+, —(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)mNR11R11, —(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)mNR7R10, —(CH2)m—NR10R10, —(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)m—(NR11R11R11)+, —(CH2)m—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)mNR7R7,
• with the proviso that in the moiety —NR13R13, the two R13 along with the nitrogen to which they are attached may, optionally, form a ring selected from:
• each V is, independently, —(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)m—NR7R7, —(CH2)m—(NR11R11R11)+, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)mNR7R10, —(CH2)n—NR10R10—(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)mNR7R7, —(CH2)n—(CHOR8)m—(CH2)m—(NR11R11R11)+with the proviso that when V is attached directly to a nitrogen atom, then V can also be, independently, R7, R10, or (R11)2;
• each R14 is, independently, H, R12, —(CH2)n—SO2CH3, —(CH2)n—CO2R13, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR13R13, —(CH2)n—C(═O)R13, —(CH2)n—(CHOH)n—CH2OH, —NH—(CH2)n—SO2CH3, NH—(CH2)n—C(═O)R11, NH—C(═O)—NH—C(═O)R11, —C(═O)NR13R13, —OR11, —NH—(CH2)n—R10, —Br, —Cl, —F, —I, SO2NHR11, —NHR13, —NH—C(═O)—NR13R13, —(CH2)n—NHR13, or —NH—(CH2)n—C(═O) R13;
• each g is, independently, an integer from 1 to 6;
• each m is, independently, an integer from 1 to 7;
• each n is, independently, an integer from 0 to 7;
• each -Het- is, independently, —N(R7)—, —N(R10)—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—;
• —O—, —SO2NH—, —NHSO2—, —NR7CO—, —CONR7—, —N(R13)—, —SO2NR13—, —NR13CO—, or —CONR13—;
• each Link is, independently, —O—, —(CH2)n—, —O(CH2)m—, —NR13—C(═O)—NR13—, —NR13—C(═O)—(CH2)m—, —C(═O)NR13—(CH2)m—, —(CH2)n-(Z)g-(CH2)n—, —S—, —SO—, —SO2—, —SO2NR7—, —SO2NR10—, or -Het-;
• each CAP is, independently, thiazolidinedione, oxazolidinedione, -heteroaryl-C(═O)N R13R13, heteroaryl-W, —CN, —O—C(═S)NR13R13, -(Z)gR13, —CR10((Z)gR13)((Z)gR13), —C(═O)OAr, —C(═O)N R13Ar, imidazoline, tetrazole, tetrazole amide, —SO2NHR13, —SO2NH—C(R13R13)-(Z)g-R13, a cyclic sugar or oligosaccharide, a cyclic amino sugar, oligosaccharide, —CR10(—(CH2)m—R9)(—(CH2)m—R9), —N(—(CH2)m—R9)(—(CH2)m—R9), —NR13(—(CH2)m—CO2R13),
• each Ar is, independently, phenyl, substituted phenyl, wherein the substituents of the substituted phenyl are 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH3, NR13R13, Cl, F, and CH3, or heteroaryl;
• and
• each W is, independently, thiazolidinedione, oxazolidinedione, heteroaryl-C(═O)N R13R13, —CN, —O—C(═S)NR13R13, -(Z)gR13, —CR10((Z)gR13)((Z)gR13), —C(═O)OAr, —C(═O)N R13Ar, imidazoline, tetrazole, tetrazole amide, —SO2NHR13, SO2NH—C(R13R13)-(Z)g-R13, a cyclic sugar or oligosaccharide, a cyclic amino sugar, oligosaccharide,
• with the proviso that when any —CHOR8— or —CH2OR8 groups are located 1,2- or 1,3- with respect to each other, the R8 groups may, optionally, be taken together to form a cyclic mono- or di-substituted 1,3-dioxane or 1,3-dioxolane.