# US 2008/0186097 A1 · Audio power amplifier apparatus > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2008/0186097 A1 - Document ID: US20080186097A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 12/025,427 - Filed: 2008-02-04 - Published: 2008-08-07 - Earliest claimed: 2005-08-03 - Assignees: Secondo Porra' - Inventors: Giovanni STOCHINO; Secondo Porra' - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20080186097A1 ## CPC - H03F 3/187: in integrated circuits - H03F 1/3211: {in differential amplifiers} - H03F 1/3229: {using a loop for error extraction and another loop for error subtraction} - H03F 1/34: Negative-feedback-circuit arrangements with or without positive feedback (H03F1/02 - H03F1/30, H03F1/38 - H03F1/50, H03F3/50 take precedence {; for rejection of common mode signals H03F3/45479}) - H03F 3/45475: {using IC blocks as the active amplifying circuit} - H03F 2200/03: the amplifier being designed for audio applications - H03F 2200/258: the input of the amplifier has voltage limiting means - H03F 2200/537: A transformer being used as coupling element between two amplifying stages - H03F 2200/541: Transformer coupled at the output of an amplifier - H03F 2201/3215: To increase the output power or efficiency - H03F: AMPLIFIERS ## Abstract The invention concerns an audio power amplifier apparatus capable of providing at low manufacturing cost extremely low non-linear distortion, even lower than −120 dB, comprising a main power amplifying section (3) the output of which is series connected to a secondary of a coupling transformer T1, in turn connected to the apparatus output (IO4), the apparatus being characterised in that the amplifying section (3) provides an output signal Vma having a negative feed-back loop non-inverting gain, and in that it further comprises a cascade of one or more sections (5, 6), the inputs of which are connected to the output of the input section (1) and to the output of the amplifying section (3), and the output of which is constituted of a secondary winding of the transformer T1, the cascade being capable to very accurately extract the error signal Ve with respect to the amplified signal Vi from the signal at the output of the amplifying section and to provide to its output an exact, but anti-phase, copy thereof in a predetermined very wide frequency band, so as to carry out a feed-forward error correction function that, for the first time, is particularly effective in cancelling the error of the amplifying section (3) without interactions with the same and in a very wide frequency band, and in avoiding in a very stable and reliable way, any risk of stress and overload for the transformer T1. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An audio power amplifier apparatus, capable to receive as input an external audio signal and to provide an amplified signal Vo for a load connected to at least one apparatus output terminal (IO4), the apparatus comprising an input section, capable to receive as input said external audio signal and to output an audio signal Vi, a main power amplifying section having an input connected to the output of the input section, wherein the amplifying section provides an output signal Vma having non-inverting gain with respect to the input audio signal Vi, and in that it further comprises a cascade of one or more sections, having two inputs, which are one non-inverting and the other inverting, the former being connected to the output of the input section and the latter being connected to the output of the power amplifying section, and an output terminal coinciding with a corresponding terminal out of two terminals of a first secondary of a transformer T1, that is connected to said at least one apparatus output terminal, the load being connected to the output of the power amplifying section and in series to the first secondary of the transformer T1, so that the amplified signal Vo is equal to the difference between a signal Vmo obtained from the signal Vma at the output of the power amplifying section and a signal Vb present across the two terminals (Vb1, Vb2) of the first secondary of the transformer T1 (Vb=Vb1−Vb2), the cascade being capable to extract an error component Ve, with respect to the amplified signal Vi, from the signal Vma at the output of the amplifying section, and to stably provide substantially a copy of such error component, without interactions with the amplifying section, across the two terminals (Vb1, Vb2) of the first secondary of the transformer T1, the cascade having such a frequency response that the signal Vb present across the two terminals (Vb1, Vb2) of the first secondary of the transformer T1 has substantially the same behaviour of amplitude and phase as the error component Ve in a first predetermined frequency band. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cascade has a substantially unitary overall gain with respect to the error component Ve both when dc operating and in the first predetermined frequency band. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the amplifying section (3) comprises a, preferably negative feed-back, non-inverting type power amplifier stage, operating according to an class A and/or B and/or AB linear amplification technique, and/or according to a class D switching amplification technique, the power amplifier stage preferably including one or more integrated circuit and/or solid state discrete component, for example Mosfet or bipolar transistors, and/or vacuum device, for example tubes, amplifiers. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cascade comprises an error extracting section comprising a low-pass filtering stage, receiving the signal Vi coming from the input section as input, capable to reproduce the behaviour of the frequency response of the amplifying section, the low-pass filtering stage being connected to the non-inverting input of a first operational amplifier (Ua) in negative feed-back configuration, the inverting input of which is connected to the output of the amplifying section so as to substantially provide at the output of the error extracting section a copy of the error component Ve, the frequency response of the error extracting section having a Vi-side gain equal to the dc gain of the amplifying section, the gain after the low-pass filtering stage being constant within a second predetermined frequency band including the first predetermined frequency band. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the low-pass filtering stage of the error extracting section comprises first adjustable impedance passive electronic means (Ra), capable to calibrate the apparatus so that the frequency response of the filtering stage in the first predetermined frequency band is substantially equal, in phase and amplitude, at most apart from a scale factor, to the frequency response of the amplifying section (3), and in that the negative feed-back circuit configuration of the first operational amplifier (Ua) comprises second adjustable impedance passive electronic means (Ra), capable to calibrate the apparatus so that the Vi-side dc gain of the error extracting section is substantially equal to the dc gain of the amplifying section. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the first and second adjustable impedance passive electronic means comprise two respective potentiometers (Ra, R4). ### Claim 7 (depends on 4) An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the cascade further comprises an error correction section, the input of which is connected to the output of the error extracting section and the output of which is the output of the cascade, having a frequency response with unitary dc gain in a third predetermined frequency band including the first predetermined frequency band, so that the frequency response of the error correction section is substantially equal, in phase and amplitude, to the dc response of the same error correction section all over the first predetermined frequency band. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the error correction section comprises third adjustable impedance passive electronic means (R11), capable to calibrate the apparatus so that the dc gain of the same error correction section is unitary. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the third adjustable impedance passive electronic means (R11) comprises a potentiometer. ### Claim 10 (depends on 7) An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the output of the amplifying section is connected to the secondary of the transformer T1 through a load decoupling filtering section, having a second order frequency response, capable to insulate and to separate the amplifying section from the load connected to the apparatus output (IO4) at frequencies exceeding the first predetermined frequency band, and in that the error correction section comprises an amplifying stage, the output of which is connected to a primary of the transformer T1, having a frequency response that allows to achieve that the frequency response of the cascade is substantially equal to the frequency response of the load decoupling filtering section in the first predetermined frequency band. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the amplifying stage of the error correction section comprises fourth adjustable impedance passive electronic means (Cb), capable to adjust its frequency response, preferably capable to adjust a zero (zb) of its frequency response. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the fourth adjustable impedance passive electronic means comprises a variable and/or adjustable capacitor (Cb). ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the amplifying stage of the error correction section is based on a second operational amplifier (Ub), biased such that a unitary dc negative feed-back is set around the second operational amplifier (Ub), through resistive means (R10), and that the dc component of the voltage signal at the output of the second operational amplifier (Ub) is forced to zero, and that is coupled, when ac operating, through resistive and capacitive means (R12, C2), to a second secondary of the transformer T1, for making a negative feed-back loop around the second operational amplifier (Ub), in order to set the closed loop gain and neutralise and cancel the magnetic flux in the transformer T1. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the error correction section further comprises at its input a high-pass filtering stage, capable to prevent dc and low frequency components at the input of the same error correction section from making the transformer T1 saturate. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the filtering stage of the error correction section is deselectable through switching bypass means (J1). ### Claim 16 (depends on 10) An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the error correction section further comprises a stage for limiting the voltage (Va) at the input of the same error correction section, capable to avoid phenomena of overload and/or saturation and/or instability of the transformer T1. ### Claim 17 (depends on 10) An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the load decoupling filtering section comprises fourth adjustable impedance passive electronic means (C1), capable to adjust the second order frequency response of the same load decoupling filtering section. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) An apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the fifth adjustable impedance passive electronic means comprises one or more variable and/or adjustable capacitors (C1). ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first predetermined frequency band ranges from 20 Hz to 100 kHz. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the input section comprises two or more input terminals (IO1, IO2, IO3), capable to receive said external audio signal, which are connected to a band-pass filtering stage, capable to prevent signals at frequency outside said band from accessing the apparatus. ### Claim 21 (depends on 20) An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the band of the band-pass filtering stage ranges from 1 Hz to 150 kHz. ### Claim 22 (depends on 20) An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the input section further comprises, after the band-pass filtering stage, an amplifying stage, capable to insulate the input impedance from the rest of the amplifier apparatus. ### Claim 23 (depends on 22) An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the amplifying stage of the input section is capable to convert said external audio signal from balanced to unbalanced. ### Claim 24 (depends on 1) An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein it further comprises a section for limiting the voltage of said audio signal Vi provided by the input section, capable to limit the voltage value thereof within a predefined range varying from a minimum value SL to a maximum value SH, whereby SL