Electrochromic device employing gel or solid polymers having specific channel direction for the conduction of ions

An electrochromic display comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, an anisotropically conducting electrolyte, and a control element;

• the first electrode including a substrate, a patterned conductor, and a first nanostructured metal oxide film with an adsorbed chromophoric redox material;
• the second electrode including a substrate, a conductor, and a second nanostructured metal oxide film;
• the anisotropically conducting electrolyte including a polymer film and an electrolyte, the anisotropically conducting electrolyte is disposed between and operatively connects the first and second electrodes;
• the control element operatively connected to either the first or second electrodes and application of voltage or current via the control element modulates the redox state of the chromophoric redox material.