Methods for non-invasive analyte measurement

An instrument for non-invasively measuring the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in a tissue of a subject, comprising:

• a. a radiation source configured to expose at least a portion of the tissue of the subject to electromagnetic radiation;
• b. a radiation detector configured to obtain a measurement of electromagnetic radiation from the tissue;
• and
• c. a microprocessor for determining the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes by determining a radiation signature of the electromagnetic radiation, and correlating the radiation signature of the electromagnetic radiation with the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes by utilizing a mathematical transformation of the measurement to determine the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the subject.

A method of non-invasively measuring the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in a tissue of a subject, comprising:

• exposing at least a portion of the tissue of the subject to electromagnetic radiation without contact with the tissue;
• obtaining a measurement of infrared radiation from the tissue without contact with the tissue;
• and, determining the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue of the subject by
• determining a radiation signature of the infrared radiation from the tissue;
• correlating the radiation signature of the infrared radiation from the tissue with the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes by utilizing a mathematical transformation based on a 1st or higher derivative of the measurement to determine the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue of the subject.

An instrument for non-invasively measuring the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in a tissue of a subject, comprising:

• a. a radiation source configured to expose at least a portion of the tissue of the subject to electromagnetic radiation;
• b. a radiation detector configured to obtain a measurement of electromagnetic radiation from the tissue;
• and
• c. hardware for determining the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes by determining a radiation signature of the electromagnetic radiation, and correlating the radiation signature of the electromagnetic radiation with the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes by utilizing analog different measurements to determine the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the subject.

A method of correcting magnitude or focus variation in the non-invasive measurement of the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in a tissue of a subject, comprising:

• using a non-invasive instrument to obtain a measurement of the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue of the subject;
• correcting magnitude or focus variation in the measurement by utilizing a mathematical transformation based on a 1st or higher derivative of the measurement;
• determining the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue of the subject by
• determining a signature of the corrected measurement of the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue;
• correlating the signature of the corrected measurement with known signature information representative of the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes to determine the presence, absence, or concentration of one or more analytes in the tissue of the subject.