Methods and compositions for treating amyloid-related diseases

A compound of the formula (IX):

• wherein:
• R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, aryl, arylcycloalkyl, bicyclic or tricyclic ring, a bicyclic or tricyclic fused ring group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C10 alkyl group;
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzoimidazolyl;
• R3 is hydrogen or a protecting group;
• aa is a natural or unnatural amino acid residue;
• L3 is a covalent bond, amino, C1-C6 alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carboxyl, amide, aminoalkyl, ether, ester, thioether, thioester or absent;
• Y is SO3−X+, OSO3−X+, or SSO3−X+;
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• and
• each of L1 and L2 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl group or absent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (X):

• wherein:
• Ra is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, or aminocarbonyl;
• Rb and Rc are each selected independently from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, CONH2, or Rb, Rc and the carbon atom they are attached to can form a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic structure of 4 to 8-membered ring or a fused ring system;
• and
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (XI):

• wherein:
• Rd is H or alkyl;
• Re and Rf are each independently hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or Re and Rf taken together with the carbon they are attached to form a 3 to 6-membered ring;
• Rg is independently selected for each occurence from the group consisting of:
• hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, NO2, and alkyl-SO2;
• q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• Ar is aryl or heteroaryl;
• and
• Z is —(CH2)0-3—, —(CHOH)—, (CH2)1-3O(CH2)1-3, or a carbonyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (XII):

• wherein:
• Rh is hydrogen, benzyl, aryl-alkyl, aryl, or alkyl;
• Ri, Rj, Rk, Rm, Rn, and Ro are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted benzyl, alkyl, alkenyl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, absent or together may be linked to form a ring structure;
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• and
• t1 and t2 are each single or double bonds, provided that both t1 and t2 are not both double bonds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (XIII):

• wherein:
• n1 is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
• P is a covalent bond, alkyl, alkyloxy, amino, alkylamino, sulfur, or alkylthio;
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• and
• Rp is a natural or unnatural amino acid residue, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (XIV):

• wherein:
• n2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3, selected such that three carbons are between the SO3−X+ group and the nitrogen atom in the ring;
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• Rs is hydrogen or when n2 is 3, Rs is (CH2)3—SO3−X+;
• Rq and Rr are each selected independently from hydrogen or alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

A compound of the formula (XV):

• wherein:
• Rt is hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl;
• Ru and Rv are each independently for each occurence selected from hydrogen, aryl, benzyl, alkyl, alkenyl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, or two Ru or Rv groups on adjacent carbon atoms may form a double bound, or together with the carbon atoms they are attached to forming a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
• n3 is 4, 5, 6, or 7;
• and
• X+ is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester-forming group;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.