Fused heterocyclic succinimide compounds and analogs thereof, modulators of nuclear hormone receptor function

A compound of the following formula:

• wherein the symbols have the following meanings and are, for each occurrence, independently selected:
• G is an aryl or heterocyclo group, where said group is mono- or polycyclic, and which is optionally substituted at one or more positions;
• Z1 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• Z2 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• A1 is CR7or N;
• A2 is CR7 or N;
• Y is J-J′-J″ where J is (CR7R7′)n and n=0-3, J′ is a bond, O, S, S═O, SO2, NH, NR7, OP═OOR2, OP═ONHR2, OSO2, NHNH, NHNR6, NR6NH, or N═N, and J″ is (CR7R7′)n and n=0-3, provided, however, that Y is not a bond;
• W is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—C(═O)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═CH2)—, —C(═CH2)—C(═CH2)—, —CR7R7′—C(═NR1)—, C(═NR1)—C(═NR1)—, N═CR8, N═N, NR9—NR9′, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, or aryl or substituted aryl;
• Q1 and Q2 are each independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, halo, CN, —(C═O)OR1, —C(═O)R4, —C(═O)NR5R6, —C(R7R7′)—OH, nitro, —(CH2)OR1, —OR1, —C(═O)SR1, —SO2R1, —NH2, and —NR4R5;
• L is a bond, —(CR7R7′)n—, NH—, —NR5—, NH(CR7R7′)n—, or —NR5(CR7R7′)n—, where n=1-3;
• R1 and R1′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, provided, however, that R1is not hydrogen when attached to —SO2O— or —SO2—;
• R2 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl;
• R4 is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R5 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R6 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, —OR1, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R7 and R7′ are at each occurrence independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, halo, CN, OR4, nitro, hydroxylamine, hydroxylamide, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 and —SO2NR1R1′;
• or wherein A1 or A2 contains a group R7 and W contains a group R7, said R7 groups of A1 or A2 and W may together form an optionally-substituted heterocyclic ring;
• or wherein W is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, said R7 and R7′ groups of W attached to the same carbon atom may be joined to form a spiro ring, or said R7 and R7′ groups attached to two different carbon atoms may be joined to form a fused, optionally-substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring;
• R8 and R8′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, nitro, halo, CN, OR1, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R9 and R9′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, OR1, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —S═OR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• with the provisos that:
• (1) when Y is —(CR7R7′)n—O—(CR7R7′)n— wherein n=0-3;
• then W is not —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—C(═O)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═CH2)—, —C(═CH2)—C(═CH2)—, —CR7R7′—C(═NR1)—, or —C(═NR1)—C(═NR1)—;
• (2) when Y contains a group J′ selected from S, S═O, SO2, NH, NR7, R2P═O, R2P═S, R2OP═O, R2NHP═O, OP═OOR2, OP═ONHR2, OSO2, NHNH, NHR6, NR6NH or N═N, W is CR7R7′—CR7R7′, and Z1 and Z2 are O, then G-L is not unsubstituted phenyl;
• (3) when Y is NR7, W is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, and Q1 and Q2 are hydrogen, then Z1 and Z2 are not O;
• (4) when Y is CR7R7′—C═O, W is NR9—CR7R7′, Q1 and Q2 are hydrogen, A1 and A2 are CH, and Z1 and Z2 are O, then G-L is not unsubstituted phenyl;
• (5) when Y is CHR7′—NR7 where R7′ is unsubstituted phenyl, methoxy or ethoxy and R7 is unsubstituted phenyl, methyl or —C(O)—C6H5, W is dimethoxyphenylene or unsubstituted phenylene, Z1 and Z2 are O, Q1 and Q2 are hydrogen, A1 and A2 are CH, C—CN, C—C(O)—C6H5, or —C(O)— dimethoxyphenyl, then G-L is not unsubstituted phenyl;
• (6) A compound according to formula (I) is not 6,10-epithio4H-thieno-[3′,4′:5,6]cyclooct[1,2-f]isoindole-7,9(5H,8H)dione, 8-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-6,6a,9a,10,11,12,-hexahydro-1,3,6,10-tetramethyl-2,2,13-trioxide, (6R,6aR,9aS,10S);
• and
• (7) when Y is —O—, Q1 and Q2 are hydrogen, Z1 and Z2 are O, W is cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or 3-phenyl-2-isoxazoline, and A1 and A2 are CH, then G-L is not an unsubstituted naphthyl ring or a monosubstituted phenyl ring, where said substituent is methoxy, Br, Cl, NO2, methyl, ethyl, CH2-phenyl, S-phenyl, or O-phenyl;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof.

A method of modulating the function of a nuclear hormone receptor which comprises administering to a mammalian species in need thereof an effective nuclear hormone receptor modulating amount of at least one compound according to the following formula I:

• wherein the symbols have the following meanings and are, for each occurrence, independently selected:
• G is an aryl or heterocyclo group, where said group is mono- or polycyclic, and which is optionally substituted at one or more positions;
• Z1 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• Z2 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• A1 is CR7 or N;
• A2 is CR7 or N;
• Y is J-J′-J″ where J is (CR7R7′)n and n=0-3, J′ is a bond, O, S, S═O, SO2, NH, NR7, OP═OOR2, OP═ONHR2, OSO2, NHNH, NHNR6, NR6NH, or N═N, and J″ is (CR7R7′)n and n=0-3, provided, however, that Y is not a bond;
• W is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—C(═O)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═CH2)—, —C(═CH2)—C(═CH2)—, —CR7R7′—C(═NR1)—, C(═NR1)—C(═NR1)—, N═CR8, N═N, NR9—NR9′, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, or aryl or substituted aryl;
• Q1 and Q2 are each independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, halo, CN, —(C═O)OR1, —C(═O)R4, —C(═O)NR5R6, —C(R7R7′)—OH, nitro, —(CH2)OR1, —OR1, —C(═O)SR1, —SO2R1, —NH2, and —NR4R5;
• L is a bond, —(CR7R7′)n—, NH—, —NR5—, —NH(CR7R7′)—, or —NR5(CR7R7′)n—, where n=1-3;
• R1 and R1′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, provided, however, that R1is not hydrogen when attached to —SO2O— or —SO2—;
• R2 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl;
• R4 is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R5 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R6 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, —OR1, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R7 and R7′ are at each occurrence independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, halo, CN, OR4, nitro, hydroxylamine, hydroxylamide, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 and —SO2NR1R1′;
• or wherein A1 or A2 contains a group R7 and W contains a group R7, said R7 groups of A1 or A2 and W may together form an optionally-substituted heterocyclic ring;
• or wherein W is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, said R7 and R7′ groups of W attached to the same carbon atom may be joined to form a spiro ring, or said R7 and R7′ groups attached to two different carbon atoms may be joined to form a fused, optionally-substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring;
• R8 and R8′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, nitro, halo, CN, OR1, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R9 and R9′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, OR1, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —S═OR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• with the proviso that:
• (1) when Y is —(CR7R7′)n—O—(CR7R7′)n— wherein n=0-3;
• then W is not —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═O)—, —C(═O)—C(═O)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═CH2)—, —C(═CH2)—C(═CH2)—, —CR7R7′—C(═NR1)—, or —C(═NR1)—C(═NR1)—.

A compound of one of the following formulas:

• wherein the symbols have the following meanings and are, for each occurrence, independently selected:
• G is an aryl or heterocyclo group, where said group is mono- or polycyclic, and which is optionally substituted at one or more positions;
• Z1 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• Z2 is O, S, NH, or NR6;
• A1 is CR7 or N;
• A2 is CR7 or N;
• Y′ is J-J′-J″ where J is (CR7R7′) and n=0-3, J′ is a bond, O, S, S═O, SO2, NH, NR7, OP═OOR2, OP═ONHR2, OSO2, NHNH, NHNR6, NR6NH, or N═N, and J″ is (CR7R7′)n and n=0-3, provided, however, that Y′ is not a bond;
• W′ is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═O)—, —C(R8)═C(R8′)—, —C(═O)—C(═O)—, —C(R7R7′)—C(═CH2)—, —C(═CH2)—C(═CH2)—, —CR7R7′—C(═NR1)—, C(═NR1)—C(═NR1)—, N═CR8, N═N, NR9—NR9′, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, or aryl or substituted aryl;
• Q1 and Q2 are each independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, halo, CN, —(C═O)OR1, —C(═O)R4, —C(═O)NR5R6, —C(R7R7′)—OH, nitro, —(CH2)OR1, —OR1, —C(═O)SR1, —SO2R1, —NH2, and —NR4R5;
• L is a bond, —(CR7R7)n—, NH—, —NR5—, —NH(CR7R7′)n—, or —NR5(CR7R7′)n—, where n=1-3;
• R1 and R1′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, or arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, provided, however, that R1is not hydrogen when attached to —SO2O— or —SO2—;
• R2 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl;
• R4 is H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R5 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2OR1, —SO2R1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• R6 is alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, —OR1, —C(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R7 and R7′ are at each occurrence independently selected from H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, halo, CN, OR4, nitro, hydroxylamine, hydroxylamide, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 and —SO2NR1R1′;
• or wherein A1 or A2 contains a group R7 and W contains a group R7, said R7 groups of A1 or A2 and W′ may together form an optionally-substituted heterocyclic ring;
• or wherein W is —C(R7R7′)—C(R7R7′)—, said R7 and R7′ groups of W′ attached to the same carbon atom may be joined to form a spiro ring, or said R7 and R7′ groups attached to two different carbon atoms may be joined to form a fused, optionally-substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring;
• R8 and R8′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkyalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, nitro, halo, CN, OR1, —NHR4, —NR2R5, —NHOR1, thiol, alkylthio or substituted alkylthio, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)OR1, —PO3R1R1′, —C(═O)NR1R1, —C(═O)SR1, —C(═O)NHSO2R1, —SOR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• and
• R9 and R9′ are each independently H, alkyl or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or substituted alkenyl, alkynyl or substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo or substituted heterocyclo, cycloalkylalkyl or substituted cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl or substituted cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl or substituted aryl, arylalkyl or substituted arylalkyl, CN, OR1, —C(═O)R1, —OC(═O)R1, —C(═O)NHR1, —S═OR1, —SO2R1, —SO2OR1 or —SO2NR1R1′;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof.