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US 2006/0193868 A1Published application
Functionalized nanotubes
AssigneeHyperion Catalysis International, Inc.
InventorsAlan Fisher, Robert Hoch, David Moy, Chunming Niu, Naoya Ogata, Howard Tennent
Life of this patent
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Abstract
Graphitic nanotubes, which includes tubular fullerenes (commonly called “buckytubes”) and fibrils, which are functionalized by chemical substitution or by adsorption of functional moieties. More specifically the invention relates to graphitic nanotubes which are uniformly or non-uniformly substituted with chemical moieties or upon which certain cyclic compounds are adsorbed and to complex structures comprised of such functionalized fibrils linked to one another. The invention also relates to methods of introducing functional groups onto the surface of such fibrils.
Claims50
1-43. (canceled)
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLRm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n and m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of R is selected from SO 3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X,
- y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
- R′ is selected from alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl,
- R″ is a fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
- and further provided that each of R does not contain oxygen,
- comprising the step of reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLRm.
8 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —C′R2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR13, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
- (a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHLRm, wherein each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3;
- and
- (b) reacting the substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm.
12 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.1 micron,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR13, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4wH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
- (a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHLRm, wherein each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3;
- and
- (b) reacting the substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm.
12 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the steps of:
- (a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHLRm, wherein each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3;
- and
- (b) reacting the substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm.
13 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm, where each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR13, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
10 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.1 micron,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
10 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes [CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHLAm, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
10 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[R′—R]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X,
- y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- X is a halide,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
- comprising the steps of:
- (a) deoxygenating the graphitic nanotubes under conditions sufficient to form deoxygenated nanotubes;
- and
- (b) reacting the deoxygenated nanotubes with at least one appropriate activated olefin under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′—R]m.
10 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[R′-A]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- X is a halide,
- each of A is selected from
- OY,
- C—Y, —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
- comprising the steps of:
- (a) deoxygenating the graphitic nanotubes under conditions sufficient to form deoxygenated nanotubes;
- (b) reacting the deoxygenated nanotubes with at least one appropriate activated olefin to form substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′—R]m, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3;
- and
- (c) reacting the substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′—R]m with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′—A]m.
13 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[R′-A]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- X is a halide,
- each of A is selected from
- OY,
- C—Y, —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
- comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′—R]m with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula [CnHL[R′-A]m, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR13, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
9 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[X′—Ra]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n, a is zero or an integer less than 10,
- each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X,
- y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- X is a halide,
- X′ is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
- comprising the step of adsorbing at least one appropriate macrocyclic compound onto the surface of the graphitic nanotube under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula [CnHL[X′—Ra]m.
8 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[X′-Aa]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n, a is an integer less than 10,
- each of A is selected from
- OY,
- C—Y, —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- X′ is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the steps of:
- (a) adsorbing at least one appropriate macrocyclic compound onto the surface of the graphitic nanotube under conditions sufficient to form a substituted nanotube having the formula [CnHL[X′—Ra]m, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR′3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3;
- and
- (b) reacting the substituted nanotubes [CnHL[X′—Ra]m with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula [CnHL[X′-Aa]m.
14 more elements
A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
- [CnHL[X′-Aa]m
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
- wherein n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1n, m is a number less than 0.5n, a is an integer less than 10,
- each of A is selected from
- OY,
- C—Y, —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- X′ is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the step of reacting the substituted nanotubes [CnHL[X′—Ra]m with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula [CnHL[X′-Aa]m, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR′, SR′, SiR′3, SiOR′yR3-y, SiO—SiR′2OR′, R″, Li, AlR′2, Hg—X, TlZ2 and Mg—X, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
11 more elements
A method of introducing functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula
- [CnHLAm
- wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon,
- n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5n, each of A is selected from
- OY, NHY,
- —CR′2—OY, N═Y, and C═Y,
- Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from R′—OH, R′—NH2, R′SH, R′CHO, R′CN, R′X, R′SiR′3, R′—R″, R′—N—CO, (C2OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)w—R′, (C3H6O)w—R′ and R′,
- R′ is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
- R″ is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
- X is a halide,
- Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
- w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
- comprising the steps of:
- (a) contacting the carbon fibrils with oxidizing agents selected from the group including a solution of an alkali metal chlorate in a strong acid for a period of time sufficient to oxidize the surface of said fibrils;
- and
- (b) contacting the surface-oxidized carbon fibrils with reactant suitable for adding a functional group to the surface of the carbon fibrils.
12 more elements
78-79. (canceled)
A method for producing a network of carbon fibrils comprising contacting carbon fibrils with a strong oxidizing agent for a period of time sufficient to oxidize the surface of said carbon fibrils;
- contacting said surface-oxidized fibrils with reactant suitable for adding a functional group to the surface of the carbon fibrils;
- and further contacting said surface-functionalized fibrils with an amount of a cross-linking agent effective for producing a network of carbon fibrils.
A method for producing a network of carbon fibrils comprising the steps of:
- (a) contacting the fibrils with a solution of an alkali metal chlorate in a strong acid for a period of time sufficient to oxidize the surface of said fibrils;
- (b) contacting the surface-oxidized fibrils with a reactant suitable for adding a functional group to the surface of the carbon fibrils;
- and
- (c) further contacting said functionalized fibrils with an effective amount of a cross-linking agent.
1 more element
A method for producing a network of carbon fibrils comprising contacting carbon fibrils with a strong oxidizing agent for a period of time sufficient to oxidize the surface of said carbon fibrils and contacting said surface-oxidized fibrils with an amount of a cross-linking agent effective for producing a network of carbon fibrils.
A method for producing a network of functionalized fibrils comprising reacting at least two functionalized fibrils with a linker moiety comprising a bifunctional or polyfunctional moiety.
87-89. (canceled)
A method of uniformly substituting the surface of carbon fibrils with a functional group comprising contacting carbon fibrils with an effective amount a of reactant capable of uniformly substituting a functional group onto the surface of said carbon fibrils.
95-109. (canceled)
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.