Piezoelectric/electrostrictive body, piezoelectric/electrostrictive laminate, and piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator

A piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator comprising:

• a substrate made of a ceramic;
• and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive driving portion disposed on the substrate and having at least one piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion and at least one pair of electrodes, the substrate being displaced by driving of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive driving portion,
• wherein the piezoelectric/electrostrictive portion is constituted of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive body constituted of a large number of crystal grains having piezoelectric/electrostrictive properties in the form of a film or a layer having one or more layers, and a number ratio of crystal grains, a part of which is exposed to at least one interface between the bodies and the outside in a thickness direction, is 80% or more of the large number of crystal grains observed in an arbitrary section in the thickness direction.