Triptolide analogs for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders

A compound of the formula (II)

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A, B and D are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (III):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) A, B, D and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (b) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (c) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (d) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (IV):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A, B and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (V):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) B, D and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (b) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (VI):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) B is O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (VII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A and B are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (VIII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) B and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (IX):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) E is O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (X):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A is O, S, NR7 or CR7R5;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XI):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A, D and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XIII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A and D are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X═O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XIV):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) B is O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR1R112 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, hetero cyclic, heteroaryl or hetero aromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XV):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) B and D are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R2 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XVI):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) D is O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S. or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XVII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) D and E are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XVIII):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XIX):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) A, B and M are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (d) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (e) each R7, R8, R9 and R10 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the formula (XX):

• or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• (a) the dotted line indicates the presence of either a single or double bond, wherein the valences of a single bond are completed by hydrogens;
• (b) B and M are independently O, S, NR7 or CR7R8;
• (c) G is OR11, NR11R12 or SR11;
• (d) R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, carbamate, amide, amine, hydroxyl, alkoxide, nitro, cyano, azide, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid, a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate or XR9 (wherein X=O, S or NR10);
• (e) alternatively, one or more of R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5, or R5 and R6, come together to form a bridged compound, preferably as a 3, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, to form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl or heteroaromatic;
• and
• (f) each R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, alkaryl, arylalkyl, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, heteroaromatic, alkcarbonyl, a residue of a natural or synthetic amino acid or a residue of a natural or synthetic carbohydrate;
• optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.