# US 2004/0069486 A1 · In situ thermal processing of a coal formation and tuning production > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 2004/0069486 A1 - Document ID: US20040069486A1 - Status: Published application - Kind: A1 - Application number: 09/841,286 - Filed: 2001-04-24 - Published: 2004-04-15 - Earliest claimed: 2000-04-24 - Assignees: Shell Oil Company - Inventors: Harold J. Vinegar; Scott Lee Wellington; Eric Pierre de Rouffignac; John Michael Karanikas; Gordon Thomas Shahin JR.; Ilya Emil Berchenko; George Leo Stegemeier; Kevin Albert Maher; Etuan Zhang; Thomas David Fowler; Robert Charles Ryan - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US20040069486A1 ## CPC - E21B 43/24: using heat, e.g. steam injection - C09K 8/592: Compositions used in combination with generated heat, e.g. by steam injection - E21B 36/001: {Cooling arrangements} - E21B 36/04: using electrical heaters - E21B 41/0057: {Disposal of a fluid by injection into a subterranean formation} - E21B 43/2401: {by means of electricity} - E21B 43/243: Combustion in situ - E21B 43/247: in association with fracturing processes {or crevice forming processes} - E21B 43/30: Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells - Y02C 20/40: of CO2 - Y02P 20/582: Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials - Y10S 48/06: Underground gasification of coal - E21B: EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS - C09K: MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE - Y02C: CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG] - Y02P: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS - Y10S: TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS ## Abstract A coal formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. The mixture may be produced from the formation through production wells. A spacing between production wells, and operating conditions of production wells and heat injection wells, may allow the produced mixture to have a desired ratio of condensable hydrocarbons to non-condensable hydrocarbons. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least one portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; controlling the heat from the one or more heat sources such that an average temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation is less than about 375° C.; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some coal within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation with a valve coupled to at least one of the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation with a valve coupled to a production well located in the formation. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some coal within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 14 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 23 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 24 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 25 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 26 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 27 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 28 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 29 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 30 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 31 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling formation conditions such that the produced mixture comprises a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 32 (depends on 31) The method of claim 31, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 33 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 34 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 35 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 36 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 37 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 38 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 39 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 40 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 41 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 42 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 43 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the produced mixture into a gas stream and a liquid stream. ### Claim 44 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising separating the produced mixture into a gas stream and a liquid stream and separating the liquid stream into an aqueous stream and a non-aqueous stream. ### Claim 45 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises H2S, the method further comprising separating a portion of the H2S from non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 46 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises CO2, the method further comprising separating a portion of the CO2 from non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 47 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, wherein the heating is controlled such that the mixture can be produced from the formation as a vapor. ### Claim 48 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, the method further comprising heating a wellbore of the production well to inhibit condensation of the mixture within the wellbore. ### Claim 49 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, wherein a wellbore of the production well comprises a heater element configured to heat the formation adjacent to the wellbore, and further comprising heating the formation with the heater element to produce the mixture, wherein the mixture comprises a large non-condensable hydrocarbon gas component and H2. ### Claim 50 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the minimum pyrolysis temperature is about 270° C. ### Claim 51 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining the pressure within the formation above about 2.0 bar absolute to inhibit production of fluids having carbon numbers above 25. ### Claim 52 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling pressure within the formation in a range from about atmospheric pressure to about 100 bar, as measured at a wellhead of a production well, to control an amount of condensable hydrocarbons within the produced mixture, wherein the pressure is reduced to increase production of condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein the pressure is increased to increase production of non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 53 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling pressure within the formation in a range from about atmospheric pressure to about 100 bar, as measured at a wellhead of a production well, to control an API gravity of condensable hydrocarbons within the produced mixture, wherein the pressure is reduced to decrease the API gravity, and wherein the pressure is increased to reduce the API gravity. ### Claim 54 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation: allowing the heat to transfer from at least the portion to a selected section of the formation substantially by conduction of heat; pyrolyzing at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 55 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 56 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 57 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 58 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 59 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 60 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 61 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1.0° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 62 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 63 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 64 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 65 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 66 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 67 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 68 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 69 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 70 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 71 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 72 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 73 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 74 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 75 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 76 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 77 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 78 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 79 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 80 (depends on 79) The method of claim 79, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 81 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 82 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 83 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 84 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 85 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 86 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 87 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 88 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 89 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 90 (depends on 54) The method of claim 54, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 91 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 92 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 93 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 94 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 95 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 96 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 97 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 98 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 99 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 100 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 101 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 102 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 103 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 104 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 105 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 106 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 107 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 108 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 109 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 110 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 111 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 112 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 113 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 114 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 115 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 116 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 117 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 118 (depends on 117) The method of claim 117, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 119 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 120 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 121 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 122 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 123 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 124 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 125 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 126 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 127 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 128 (depends on 91) The method of claim 91, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 129 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; controlling the heat from the one or more heat sources such that an average temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation is less than about 370° C. such that production of a substantial amount of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 is inhibited; controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least 2.0 bar; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein about 0.1% by weight of the produced mixture to about 15% by weight of the produced mixture are olefins, and wherein an average carbon number of the produced mixture ranges from 1-25. ### Claim 130 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 131 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 132 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 133 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 134 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 135 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 136 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 137 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 138 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 139 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 140 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 141 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 142 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 143 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 144 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 145 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 146 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 147 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 148 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 149 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 150 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 151 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 152 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 153 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 154 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 155 (depends on 154) The method of claim 154, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 156 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 157 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 158 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 159 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 160 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 161 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 162 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 163 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 164 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 165 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising separating the produced mixture into a gas stream and a liquid stream. ### Claim 166 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising separating the produced mixture into a gas stream and a liquid stream and separating the liquid stream into an aqueous stream and a non-aqueous stream. ### Claim 167 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises H2S, the method further comprising separating a portion of the H2S from non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 168 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises CO2, the method further comprising separating a portion of the CO2 from non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 169 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, wherein the heating is controlled such that the mixture can be produced from the formation as a vapor. ### Claim 170 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, the method further comprising heating a wellbore of the production well to inhibit condensation of the mixture within the wellbore. ### Claim 171 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the mixture is produced from a production well, wherein a wellbore of the production well comprises a heater element configured to heat the formation adjacent to the wellbore, and further comprising heating the formation with the heater element to produce the mixture, wherein the produced mixture comprise a large non-condensable hydrocarbon gas component and H2. ### Claim 172 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, wherein the minimum pyrolysis temperature is about 270° C. ### Claim 173 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising maintaining the pressure within the formation above about 2.0 bar absolute to inhibit production of fluids having carbon numbers above 25. ### Claim 174 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling pressure within the formation in a range from about atmospheric pressure to about 100 bar absolute, as measured at a wellhead of a production well, to control an amount of condensable fluids within the produced mixture, wherein the pressure is reduced to increase production of condensable fluids, and wherein the pressure is increased to increase production of non-condensable fluids. ### Claim 175 (depends on 129) The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling pressure within the formation in a range from about atmospheric pressure to about 100 bar absolute, as measured at a wellhead of a production well, to control an API gravity of condensable fluids within the produced mixture, wherein the pressure is reduced to decrease the API gravity, and wherein the pressure is increased to reduce the API gravity. ### Claim 176 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 177 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein controlling the pressure comprises controlling the pressure with a valve coupled to at least one of the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 178 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein controlling the pressure comprises controlling the pressure with a valve coupled to a production well located in the formation. ### Claim 179 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 180 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 181 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 182 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 183 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 184 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 185 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 186 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 187 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 188 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 189 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 190 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 191 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 192 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 193 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 194 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 195 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 196 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 197 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 198 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 199 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 200 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 201 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 202 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and no wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 203 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 204 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 205 (depends on 204) The method of claim 204, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 206 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 207 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 208 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 209 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 210 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 211 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 212 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 213 (depends on 176) The method of claim 176, wherein producing the mixture from the formation comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 214 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute; controlling the heat from the one or more heat sources such that an average temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation is less than about 375° C.; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 215 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 216 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 217 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 218 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 219 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 220 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 221 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 222 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 223 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 224 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 225 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 226 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 227 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 228 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 229 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 230 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 231 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 232 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 233 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 234 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 235 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 236 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 237 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 238 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 239 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 240 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 241 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein controlling the heat further comprises controlling the heat such that coke production is inhibited. ### Claim 242 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 243 (depends on 242) The method of claim 242, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 244 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising altering the pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 245 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 246 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 247 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 248 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 249 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 250 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 251 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 252 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 253 (depends on 214) The method of claim 214, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 254 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation, wherein at least a portion of the mixture is produced during the pyrolysis and the mixture moves through the formation in a vapor phase; and maintaining a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section above about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 255 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 256 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 257 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 258 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 259 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 260 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 261 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising controlling the pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 262 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 263 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 264 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 265 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 266 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 267 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 268 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons; and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 269 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 270 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 271 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 272 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 273 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 274 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 275 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 276 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 277 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 278 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 279 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 280 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 281 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the pressure is measured at a wellhead of a production well. ### Claim 282 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the pressure is measured at a location within a wellbore of the production well. ### Claim 283 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the pressure is maintained below about 100 bar absolute. ### Claim 284 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 285 (depends on 284) The method of claim 284, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 286 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 287 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 288 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 289 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 290 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 291 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 292 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 293 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 294 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 295 (depends on 254) The method of claim 254, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 296 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; maintaining a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation above 2.0 bar absolute; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity higher than an API gravity of condensable hydrocarbons in a mixture producible from the formation at the same temperature and at atmospheric pressure. ### Claim 297 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 298 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 299 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 300 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 301 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 302 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 303 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising controlling the pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 304 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 305 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 306 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 307 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 308 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 309 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 310 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 311 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 312 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 313 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 314 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 315 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 316 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 317 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 318 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 319 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 320 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 321 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 322 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 323 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 324 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 325 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 326 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 327 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 328 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 329 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 330 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 331 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 332 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 333 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 334 (depends on 296) The method of claim 296, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 335 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; maintaining a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation to above 2.0 bar absolute; and producing a fluid from the formation, wherein condensable hydrocarbons within the fluid comprise an atomic hydrogen to atomic carbon ratio of greater than about 1.75. ### Claim 336 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 337 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 338 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 339 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 340 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 341 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 342 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising controlling the pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 343 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 344 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 345 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 346 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 347 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 348 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 349 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 350 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 351 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 352 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 353 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 354 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 355 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335 wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 356 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 357 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 358 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 359 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 360 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 361 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 362 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 363 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 364 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising altering the pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 365 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 366 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 367 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 368 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 369 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 370 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 371 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 372 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 373 (depends on 335) The method of claim 335, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 374 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; maintaining a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation to above 2.0 bar absolute; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a higher amount of non-condensable components as compared to non-condensable components producible from the formation under the same temperature conditions and at atmospheric pressure. ### Claim 375 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 376 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 377 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 378 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 379 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 380 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 381 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising controlling the pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 382 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 383 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 384 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 385 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 386 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 387 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 388 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 389 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 390 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 391 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 392 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 393 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 394 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 395 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 396 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 397 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 398 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 399 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 400 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 401 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 402 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 403 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising altering the pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 404 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 405 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 406 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 407 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 408 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 409 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 410 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 411 (depends on 374) The method of claim 374, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 412 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation such that superimposed heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least about 20% by weight of hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 413 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 414 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 415 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 416 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 417 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 418 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 419 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 420 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 421 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 422 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 423 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 424 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 425 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 426 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 427 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 428 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 429 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 430 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 431 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 432 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 433 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 434 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 435 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 436 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 437 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 438 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 439 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 440 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 441 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 442 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 443 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 444 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 445 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 446 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 447 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 448 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 449 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 450 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 451 (depends on 412) The method of claim 412, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 452 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation such that superimposed heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least about 20% of hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the mixture comprises a condensable component having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 453 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 454 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 455 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 456 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 457 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 458 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 459 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 460 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 461 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 462 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 463 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 464 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 465 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 466 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 467 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 468 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 469 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 470 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 471 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 472 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 473 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 474 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 475 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 476 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 477 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 478 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 479 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 480 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 481 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 482 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 483 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 484 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 485 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 486 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 487 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 488 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 489 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 490 (depends on 452) The method of claim 452, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 491 A method of treating a layer of a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the layer, wherein the one or more heat sources are positioned proximate an edge of the layer; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the layer such that superimposed heat from the one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 492 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources are laterally spaced from a center of the layer. ### Claim 493 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources are positioned in a staggered line. ### Claim 494 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources positioned proximate the edge of the layer can increase an amount of hydrocarbons produced per unit of energy input to the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 495 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources positioned proximate the edge of the layer can increase the volume of formation undergoing pyrolysis per unit of energy input to the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 496 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 497 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 498 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 499 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 500 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 501 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1.0° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 502 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of the layer comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 503 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 504 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 505 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 506 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 507 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 508 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 509 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 510 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 511 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 512 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 513 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 514 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 515 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 516 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 517 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 518 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 519 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 520 (depends on 519) The method of claim 519, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 521 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 522 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling formation conditions, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 523 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 524 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 525 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 526 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 527 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 528 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 529 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 530 (depends on 491) The method of claim 491, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 531 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 532 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 533 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 534 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 535 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 536 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 537 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 538 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 539 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the beating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 540 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 541 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 542 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 543 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 544 (depends on 53) The method of claim 53 1, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 545 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 546 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 547 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 548 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 549 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 550 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 551 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 552 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 553 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 554 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 555 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 556 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 557 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 558 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 559 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 560 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 561 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 562 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 563 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 564 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 565 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 566 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 567 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 568 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 569 (depends on 531) The method of claim 531, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 570 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation to raise an average temperature within the selected section to, or above, a temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; producing a mixture from the formation; and controlling API gravity of the produced mixture to be greater than about 25 degrees API by controlling average pressure and average temperature in the selected section such that the average pressure in the selected section is greater than the pressure (p) set forth in the following equation for an assessed average temperature (T) in the selected section: p=e[−44000/T+67] where p is measured in psia and T is measured in ° Kelvin. ### Claim 571 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the API gravity of the produced mixture is controlled to be greater than about 30 degrees API, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−31000/T+51]. ### Claim 572 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the API gravity of the produced mixture is controlled to be greater than about 35 degrees API, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−22000/T+38]. ### Claim 573 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 574 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein controlling the average temperature comprises maintaining a temperature in the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 575 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 576 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 577 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 578 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 579 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 580 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 581 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 582 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 583 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 584 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 585 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 586 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 587 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 588 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 589 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 590 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 591 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 592 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 593 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 594 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 595 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 596 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 597 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 598 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 599 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 600 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 601 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 602 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 603 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 604 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 605 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 606 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein the heat is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 607 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 608 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 609 (depends on 570) The method of claim 570, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 610 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat to at least a portion of a coal formation such that a temperature (T) in a substantial part of the heated portion exceeds 270° C. and hydrocarbons are pyrolyzed within the heated portion of the formation; controlling a pressure (p) within at least a substantial part of the heated portion of the formation; wherein pbar>e[(−A/T)+B−2.6744]; wherein p is the pressure in bar absolute and T is the temperature in degrees K, and A and B are parameters that are larger than 10 and are selected in relation to the characteristics and composition of the coal formation and on the required olefin content and carbon number of the pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids; and producing pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids from the heated portion of the formation. ### Claim 611 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein A is greater than 14000 and B is greater than about 25 and a majority of the produced pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids have an average carbon number lower than 25 and comprise less than about 10% by weight of olefins. ### Claim 612 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein T is less than about 390° C., p is greater than about 1.4 bar, A is greater than about 44000, and b is greater than about 67, and a majority of the produced pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids have an average carbon number less than 25 and comprise less than 10% by weight of olefins. ### Claim 613 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein T is less than about 390° C., p is greater than about 2 bar, A is less than about 57000, and b is less than about 83, and a majority of the produced pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids have an average carbon number lower than about 21. ### Claim 614 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the heated portion is less than about 3° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 615 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 616 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein heat is transferred substantially by conduction from one or more heat sources located in one or more heat sources to the heated portion of the formation. ### Claim 617 (depends on 616) The method of claim 616, wherein the heat sources comprise heaters in which hydrocarbons are either injected into a heaters or released by the coal formation adjacent to a heater by an oxidant injected into the heater in or adjacent to which the combustion occurs and wherein at least part of the produced combustion gases are vented to surface via the heater in which the combustion occurs. ### Claim 618 (depends on 617) The method of claim 617, wherein heat is transferred substantially by conduction from one or more heat sources to the heated portion of the formation such that the thermal conductivity of at least part of the heated portion is substantially uniformly modified to a value greater than about 0.6 W/m ° C. and the permeability of said part increases substantially uniformly to a value greater than 1 Darcy. ### Claim 619 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of hydrocarbon fluids and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture flowing through the formation is greater than 0.5 Bar. ### Claim 620 (depends on 619) The method of claim 619, further comprising, hydrogenating a portion of the produced pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen and heating the fluids with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 621 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein the coal formation is a coal seam and at least about 70% of the hydrocarbon content of the coal, when such hydrocarbon content is measured by a Fischer assay, is produced from the heated portion of the formation. ### Claim 622 (depends on 610) The method of claim 610, wherein the substantially gaseous pyrolyzed hydrocarbon fluids are produced from a production well, the method further comprising heating a wellbore of the production well to inhibit condensation of the hydrocarbon fluids within the wellbore. ### Claim 623 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation to raise an average temperature within the selected section to, or above, a temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; producing a mixture from the formation; and controlling a weight percentage of olefins of the produced mixture to be less than about 20% by weight by controlling average pressure and average temperature in the selected section such that the average pressure in the selected section is greater than the pressure (p) set forth in the following equation for an assessed average temperature (T) in the selected section: p=e[−57000/T+83] where p is measured in psia and T is measured in ° Kelvin. ### Claim 624 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the weight percentage of olefins of the produced mixture is controlled to be less than about 10% by weight, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−16000/T+28]. ### Claim 625 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the weight percentage of olefins of the produced mixture is controlled to be less than about 5% by weight, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−12000/T+22]. ### Claim 626 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 627 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 628 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 629 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 630 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 631 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 632 (depends on 631) The method of claim 631, wherein controlling an average temperature comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 633 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 3.0° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 634 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 635 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 636 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 637 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 638 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 639 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 640 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 641 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 642 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 643 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 644 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight when calculated on an atomic basis of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 645 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 646 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 647 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 648 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 649 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 650 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 651 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 652 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 653 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 654 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 655 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 656 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 657 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 658 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 659 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 660 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 661 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 662 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 663 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 664 (depends on 623) The method of claim 623, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 665 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation to raise an average temperature within the selected section to, or above, a temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; producing a mixture from the formation; and controlling hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 of the produced mixture to be less than about 25% by weight by controlling average pressure and average temperature in the selected section such that the average pressure in the selected section is greater than the pressure (p) set forth in the following equation for an assessed average temperature (T) in the selected section: p=e[−14000/T+25] where p is measured in psia and T is measured in ° Kelvin. ### Claim 666 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 of the produced mixture is controlled to be less than about 20% by weight, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−16000/T+28]. ### Claim 667 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 of the produced mixture is controlled to be less than about 15% by weight, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−18000/T+32]. ### Claim 668 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 669 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 670 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 671 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 672 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 673 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 674 (depends on 673) The method of claim 673, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 675 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 676 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average beat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 677 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 678 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 679 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 680 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 681 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 682 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 683 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 684 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 685 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 686 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 687 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 688 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 689 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 690 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 691 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 692 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 693 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 694 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 695 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 696 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 697 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 698 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 699 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 700 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 701 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 702 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 703 (depends on 665) The method of claim 665, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 704 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation to raise an average temperature within the selected section to, or above, a temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; producing a mixture from the formation; and controlling an atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio of the produced mixture to be greater than about 1.7 by controlling average pressure and average temperature in the selected section such that the average pressure in the selected section is greater than the pressure (p) set forth in the following equation for an assessed average temperature (T) in the selected section: p=e[−38000/T+61] where p is measured in psia and T is measured in ° Kelvin. ### Claim 705 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio of the produced mixture is controlled to be greater than about 1.8, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−13000/T+24]. ### Claim 706 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio of the produced mixture is controlled to be greater than about 1.9, and wherein the equation is: p=e[−8000/T+18]. ### Claim 707 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 708 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 709 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 710 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 711 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 712 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 713 (depends on 712) The method of claim 712, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 714 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 715 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 716 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 717 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 718 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 719 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 720 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 721 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 722 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 723 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 724 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 725 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 726 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 727 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 728 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 729 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 730 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 731 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 732 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 733 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 734 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 735 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 736 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 737 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 738 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 739 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 740 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 741 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 742 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 743 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 744 (depends on 704) The method of claim 704, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 745 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least one portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; controlling a pressure-temperature relationship within at least the selected section of the formation by selected energy input into the one or more heat sources and by pressure release from the selected section through wellbores of the one or more heat sources; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 746 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 747 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources. ### Claim 748 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 749 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 750 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 751 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling the pressure-temperature relationship by controlling a rate of removal of fluid from the formation. ### Claim 752 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 753 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 754 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 755 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 756 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 757 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 758 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 759 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 760 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 761 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 762 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 763 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 764 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 765 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 766 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 767 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 768 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 769 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 770 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 771 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 772 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of hydrocarbon fluids and H2, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 773 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 774 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 775 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 776 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 777 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 778 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 779 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 780 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 781 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 782 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 783 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 784 (depends on 745) The method of claim 745, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 785 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation, wherein formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 786 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating a selected volume comprises heating with an electrical heater. ### Claim 787 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating a selected volume comprises heating with a surface burner. ### Claim 788 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating a selected volume comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 789 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating a selected volume comprises heating with a natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 790 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected volume of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 791 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising controlling the heating such that an average heating rate of the selected volume is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 792 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein a value for Cv is determined as an average heat capacity of two or more samples taken from the coal formation. ### Claim 793 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating the selected volume comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 794 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein heating the selected volume comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 795 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 796 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 797 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 798 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 799 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 800 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 801 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 802 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 803 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 804 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 805 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 806 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 807 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 808 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 809 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer ### Claim 810 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected volume of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 811 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation comprising condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 812 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 813 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 814 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 815 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated volume to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the volume; and heating a portion of the volume with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 816 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 817 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected volume to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 818 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected volume. ### Claim 819 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 820 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 821 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 822 (depends on 785) The method of claim 785, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 823 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation to raise an average temperature within the selected section to, or above, a temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; controlling heat output from the one or more heat sources such that an average heating rate of the selected section rises by less than about 3° C. per day when the average temperature of the selected section is at, or above, the temperature that will pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 824 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, controlling heat output comprises: raising the average temperature within the selected section to a first temperature that is at or above a minimum pyrolysis temperature of hydrocarbons within the formation; limiting energy input into the one or more heat sources to inhibit increase in temperature of the selected section; and increasing energy input into the formation to raise an average temperature of the selected section above the first temperature when production of formation fluid declines below a desired production rate. ### Claim 825 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, controlling heat output comprises: raising the average temperature within the selected section to a first temperature that is at or above a minimum pyrolysis temperature of hydrocarbons within the formation; limiting energy input into the one or more heat sources to inhibit increase in temperature of the selected section; and increasing energy input into the formation to raise an average temperature of the selected section above the first temperature when quality of formation fluid produced from the formation falls below a desired quality. ### Claim 826 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section. ### Claim 827 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 828 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 829 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 830 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 831 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 832 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the heat is controlled that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1.5° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 833 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the heat is controlled that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 834 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density. ### Claim 835 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 836 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 837 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 838 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 839 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein the condensable hydrocarbons have an olefin content is less than about 2.5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein the olefin content is greater than about 0.1% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 840 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 841 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.10 and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 842 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.05 and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 843 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 844 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 845 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 846 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 847 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 848 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 849 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 850 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 851 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 852 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 853 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 854 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 855 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 856 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 857 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 858 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 859 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising: providing H2 to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 860 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 861 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 862 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 863 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 864 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 865 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 866 (depends on 823) The method of claim 823, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 867 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; to heat a selected section of the formation to an average temperature above about 270° C.; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section of the formation; controlling the heat from the one or more heat sources such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 3° C. per day during pyrolysis; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 868 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 869 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 870 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising supplying electricity to the electrical heaters substantially during non-peak hours. ### Claim 871 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 872 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 873 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 874 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 875 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the heat is further controlled such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 3° C./day until production of condensable hydrocarbons substantially ceases. ### Claim 876 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the heat is further controlled that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1.5° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 877 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the heat is further controlled such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 878 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density. ### Claim 879 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 880 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 881 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 882 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 883 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.11% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 884 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 885 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 886 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 887 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 888 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 889 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 890 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 891 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 892 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 893 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 894 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 895 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 896 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 897 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 898 (depends on 897) The method of claim 897, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 899 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 900 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 901 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 902 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 903 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 904 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 905 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 906 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 907 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 908 (depends on 867) The method of claim 867, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 909 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation through at least one production well; monitoring a temperature at or in the production well; and controlling heat input to raise the monitored temperature at a rate of less than about 3° C. per day. ### Claim 910 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 911 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 912 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 913 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 914 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 915 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 916 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the heat is controlled that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 917 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density. ### Claim 918 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 919 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 920 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 921 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 922 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 923 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 924 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 925 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 926 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 927 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 928 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 929 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 930 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 931 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 932 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 933 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 934 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 935 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 936 (depends on 935) The method of claim 935, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 937 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 938 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 939 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising: providing H2 to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 940 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 941 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 942 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 943 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 944 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 945 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the format ion, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 946 (depends on 909) The method of claim 909, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 947 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support oxidation of hydrocarbons within the portion, wherein the portion is located substantially adjacent to a wellbore; flowing an oxidant through a conduit positioned within the wellbore to a heat source zone within the portion, wherein the heat source zone supports an oxidation reaction between hydrocarbons and the oxidant; reacting a portion of the oxidant with hydrocarbons to generate heat; and transferring generated heat substantially by conduction to a pyrolysis zone of the formation to pyrolyze at least a portion of the hydrocarbons within the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 948 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises raising a temperature of the portion above about 400° C. ### Claim 949 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, the method further comprising flowing the oxidant through the critical flow orifices to the heat source zone. ### Claim 950 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising removing reaction products from the heat source zone through the wellbore. ### Claim 951 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising removing excess oxidant from the heat source zone to inhibit transport of the oxidant to the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 952 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising transporting the oxidant from the conduit to the heat source zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 953 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising heating the conduit with reaction products being removed through the wellbore. ### Claim 954 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide. ### Claim 955 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the oxidant comprises air. ### Claim 956 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the oxidant comprises a fluid substantially free of nitrogen. ### Claim 957 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising limiting an amount of oxidant to maintain a temperature of the heat source zone less than about 1200° C. ### Claim 958 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises electrically heating the formation. ### Claim 959 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises heating the portion using exhaust gases from a surface burner. ### Claim 960 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises heating the portion with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 961 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 962 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the pyrolysis zone is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 963 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein heating the portion comprises heating the pyrolysis zone such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the pyrolysis zone is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 964 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 965 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the pyrolysis zone to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the pyrolysis zone; and heating a portion of the pyrolysis zone with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 966 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein transferring generated heat comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 967 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein transferring generated heat comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 968 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the heating is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 969 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the wellbore is located along strike to reduce pressure differentials along a heated length of the wellbore. ### Claim 970 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the wellbore is located along strike to increase uniformity of heating along a heated length of the wellbore. ### Claim 971 (depends on 947) The method of claim 947, wherein the wellbore is located along strike to increase control of heating along a heated length of the wellbore. ### Claim 972 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidant; flowing the oxidant into a conduit, and wherein the conduit is connected such that the oxidant can flow from the conduit to the hydrocarbons; allowing the oxidant and the hydrocarbons to react to produce heat in a heat source zone; allowing heat to transfer from the heat source zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation to pyrolyze at least a portion of the hydrocarbons within the pyrolysis zone; and removing reaction products such that the reaction products are inhibited from flowing from the heat source zone to the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 973 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises raising the temperature of the portion above about 400° C. ### Claim 974 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises electrically heating the formation. ### Claim 975 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein heating the portion of the formation comprises heating the portion using exhaust gases from a surface burner. ### Claim 976 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, the method further comprising flowing the oxidant through the critical flow orifices to the heat source zone. ### Claim 977 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the conduit is located within a wellbore, wherein removing reaction products comprises removing reaction products from the heat source zone through the wellbore. ### Claim 978 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising removing excess oxidant from the heat source zone to inhibit transport of the oxidant to the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 979 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising transporting the oxidant from the conduit to the heat source zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 980 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the conduit is located within a wellbore, the method further comprising heating the conduit with reaction products being removed through the wellbore to raise a temperature of the oxidant passing through the conduit. ### Claim 981 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the oxidant comprises hydrogen peroxide. ### Claim 982 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the oxidant comprises air. ### Claim 983 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein the oxidant comprises a fluid substantially free of nitrogen. ### Claim 984 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising limiting an amount of oxidant to maintain a temperature of the heat source zone less than about 1200° C. ### Claim 985 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising limiting an amount of oxidant to maintain a temperature of the heat source zone at a temperature that inhibits production of oxides of nitrogen. ### Claim 986 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support oxidation of hydrocarbons within the portion further comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 987 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 988 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the pyrolysis zone is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 989 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 990 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein allowing heat to transfer comprises heating the pyrolysis zone such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the pyrolysis zone is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 991 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 992 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the pyrolysis zone to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the pyrolysis zone; and heating a portion of the pyrolysis zone with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 993 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 994 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 995 (depends on 972) The method of claim 972, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 996 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein the portion is located substantially adjacent to an opening in the formation; providing the oxidizing fluid to a heat source zone in the formation: allowing the oxidizing gas to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the heat source zone to generate heat in the heat source zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the heat source zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 997 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the heat source zone by diffusion. ### Claim 998 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 999 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 1000 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 1001 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring substantial heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 1002 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 1003 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 1004 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 1005 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein the heat source zone extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.15 m. ### Claim 1006 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to an electric heater disposed within the opening. ### Claim 1007 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the heat source zone. ### Claim 1008 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1009 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the pyrolysis zone is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1010 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1011 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein allowing heat to transfer comprises heating the portion such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the pyrolysis zone is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1012 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the pyrolysis zone, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1013 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the pyrolysis zone to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the pyrolysis zone; and heating a portion of the pyrolysis zone with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1014 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1015 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 1016 (depends on 996) The method of claim 996, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1017 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation; and maintaining an average temperature within the selected section above a minimum pyrolysis temperature and below a vaporization temperature of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 to inhibit production of a substantial amount of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers greater than 25 in the mixture. ### Claim 1018 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1019 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein maintaining the average temperature within the selected section comprises maintaining the temperature within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1020 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1021 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1022 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1023 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1024 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the minimum pyrolysis temperature is greater than about 270° C. ### Claim 1025 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the vaporization temperature is less than approximately 450° C. at atmospheric pressure. ### Claim 1026 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1027 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1028 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1029 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1030 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1031 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1032 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1033 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1034 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1035 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1036 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1037 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1038 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1039 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1040 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1041 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1042 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1043 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1044 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1045 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1046 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1047 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1048 (depends on 1047) The method of claim 1047, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1049 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1050 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1051 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1052 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1053 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1054 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1055 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1056 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1057 (depends on 1017) The method of claim 1017, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1058 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; controlling a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than 25; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1059 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1060 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1061 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1062 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1063 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1064 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising controlling a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1065 (depends on 1064) The method of claim 1064, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1066 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1067 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1068 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1069 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1070 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1071 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1072 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1073 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1074 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1075 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1076 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1077 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1078 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1079 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1080 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1081 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1082 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1083 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1084 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1085 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising controlling the pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1086 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1087 (depends on 1086) The method of claim 1086, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1088 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1089 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1090 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1091 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1092 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1093 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1094 (depends on 1058) The method claim 1058, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1095 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1096 (depends on 1058) The method of claim 1058, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1097 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1098 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1099 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1100 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1101 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1102 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1103 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of the temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1104 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1105 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1106 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1107 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1108 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1109 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1110 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1111 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1112 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1113 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1114 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1115 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1116 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1117 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1118 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1119 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1120 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1121 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1122 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1123 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1124 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1125 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1126 (depends on 1125) The method of claim 1125, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1127 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1128 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1129 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1130 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1131 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1132 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1133 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1134 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1135 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1136 (depends on 1097) The method of claim 1097, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1137 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a section of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature from at least a first heat source, a second heat source and a third heat source, and wherein the first heat source, the second heat source and the third heat source are located along a perimeter of the section; controlling heat input to the first heat source, the second heat source and the third heat source to limit a heating rate of the section to a rate configured to produce a mixture from the formation with an olefin content of less than about 15% by weight of condensable fluids (on a dry basis) within the produced mixture; and producing the mixture from the formation through a production well. ### Claim 1138 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein superposition of heat form the first heat source, second heat source, and third heat source pyrolyzes a portion of the hydrocarbons within the formation to fluids ### Claim 1139 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the pyrolysis temperature is between about 270° C. and about 400° C. ### Claim 1140 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the first heat source is operated for less than about twenty four hours a day. ### Claim 1141 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the first heat source comprises an electrical heater. ### Claim 1142 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the first heat source comprises a surface burner. ### Claim 1143 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the first heat source comprises a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 1144 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the first heat source, second heat source and third heat source are positioned substantially at apexes of an equilateral triangle. ### Claim 1145 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the production well is located substantially at a geometrical center of the first heat source, second heat source, and third heat source. ### Claim 1146 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising a fourth heat source, fifth heat source, and sixth heat source located along the perimeter of the section. ### Claim 1147 (depends on 1146) The method of claim 1146, wherein the heat sources are located substantially at apexes of a regular hexagon. ### Claim 1148 (depends on 1147) The method of claim 1147, wherein the production well is located substantially at a center of the hexagon. ### Claim 1149 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1150 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1151 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the section is less than about 3° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1152 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1153 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1154 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein heating the section of the formation comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1155 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1156 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1157 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1158 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1159 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1160 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1161 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1162 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1163 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1164 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1165 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1166 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1167 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1168 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1169 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1170 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1171 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1172 (depends on 1171) The method of claim 1171, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1173 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1174 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1175 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1176 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1177 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, heating the section comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1178 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein heating the section comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the section. ### Claim 1179 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1180 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1181 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1182 (depends on 1137) The method of claim 1137, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1183 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1184 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1185 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1186 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1187 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1188 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1189 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1190 (depends on 1189) The method of claim 1189, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1191 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1192 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1193 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1194 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1195 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1196 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1197 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1198 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1199 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1200 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1201 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1202 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1203 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1204 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1205 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1206 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1207 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1208 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1209 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1210 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1211 (depends on 1211) The method of claim 1211, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1212 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1213 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1214 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1215 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1216 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1217 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1218 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1219 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1220 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1221 (depends on 1183) The method of claim 1183, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1222 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1223 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1224 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1225 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1226 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1227 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1228 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1229 (depends on 1228) The method of claim 1228, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1230 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1231 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1232 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1233 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1234 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1235 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1236 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1237 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1238 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1239 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1240 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1241 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1242 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1243 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1244 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1245 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1246 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1247 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1248 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1249 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1250 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1251 (depends on 1250) The method of claim 1250, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1252 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1253 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1254 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1255 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1256 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1257 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1258 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1259 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1260 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1261 (depends on 1222) The method of claim 1222, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1262 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1263 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1264 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1265 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1266 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1267 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1268 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1269 (depends on 1268) The method of claim 1268, wherein controlling the temperature comprises maintaining the temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1270 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising controlling the heat into such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1271 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1272 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1273 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1274 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1275 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1276 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the non-condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1277 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons is less than about 0.15, and wherein the ratio of ethene to ethane is greater than about 0.001. ### Claim 1278 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1279 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1280 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1281 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1282 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1283 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1284 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1285 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1286 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1287 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1288 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1289 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1290 (depends on 1289) The method of claim 1289, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1291 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1292 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1293 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1294 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1295 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1296 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1297 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1298 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1299 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1300 (depends on 1262) The method of claim 1262, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1301 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: raising a temperature of a first section of the formation with one or more heat sources to a first pyrolysis temperature; heating the first section to an upper pyrolysis temperature, wherein heat is supplied to the first section at a rate configured to inhibit olefin production; producing a first mixture from the formation, wherein the first mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and H2; creating a second mixture from the first mixture, wherein the second mixture comprises a higher concentration of H2 than the first mixture; raising a temperature of a second section of the formation with one or more heat sources to a second pyrolysis temperature; providing a portion of the second mixture to the second section; heating the second section to an upper pyrolysis temperature, wherein heat is supplied to the second section at a rate configured to inhibit olefin production; and producing a third mixture from the second section. ### Claim 1302 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein creating the second mixture comprises removing condensable hydrocarbons from the first mixture. ### Claim 1303 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein creating the second mixture comprises removing water from the first mixture. ### Claim 1304 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein creating the second mixture comprises removing carbon dioxide from the first mixture. ### Claim 1305 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first pyrolysis temperature is greater than about 270° C. ### Claim 1306 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the second pyrolysis temperature is greater than about 270° C. ### Claim 1307 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the upper pyrolysis temperature is about 500° C. ### Claim 1308 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the first or second selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1309 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1310 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1311 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1312 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1313 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the first section and the second section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1314 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising controlling the heat to the first and second sections such that an average heating rate of the first and second sections is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1315 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein heating the first and the second sections comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1316 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein heating the first and second sections comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1317 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein heating the first and second sections comprises heating the first and second sections such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the first and second sections is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1318 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1319 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1320 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1321 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1322 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1323 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1324 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1325 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1326 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1327 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1328 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1329 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises a non-condensable component, and wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, and wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1330 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1331 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the first or third mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1332 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the first or second sections of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1333 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1334 (depends on 1333) The method of claim 1333, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within a mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1335 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1336 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the first or second section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the first or second section; and heating a portion of the first or second section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1337 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1338 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1339 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section. ### Claim 1340 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein the heating is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1341 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, wherein producing the first or third mixture comprises producing the first or third mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1342 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1343 (depends on 1301) The method of claim 1301, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1344 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced mixture with H2 produced from the formation. ### Claim 1345 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1346 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1347 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1348 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1349 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1350 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1351 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1352 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1353 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1354 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1355 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1356 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1357 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1358 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1359 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1360 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1361 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1362 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1363 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1364 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1365 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1366 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1367 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1368 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1369 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1370 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1371 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1372 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1373 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1374 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1375 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1376 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1377 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1378 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1379 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1380 (depends on 1344) The method of claim 1344, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1381 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a first section of the formation; producing H2 from the first section of formation; heating a second section of the formation; and recirculating a portion of the H2 from the first section into the second section of the formation to provide a reducing environment within the second section of the formation. ### Claim 1382 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with an electrical heater. ### Claim 1383 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a surface burner. ### Claim 1384 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 1385 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 1386 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1387 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the first or second section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1388 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section further comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1389 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1390 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating the formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the first or second section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1391 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1392 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1393 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1394 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1395 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1396 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1397 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1398 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1399 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1400 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1401 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1402 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1403 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1404 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the second section, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1405 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1406 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1407 (depends on 1406) The method of claim 1406, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within a mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1408 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1409 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the second section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the second section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1410 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1411 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section, respectively, to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1412 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section, respectively. ### Claim 1413 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprises controlling the heating of the first section or controlling the heat of the second section to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1414 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1415 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1416 (depends on 1381) The method of claim 1381, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1417 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation; and controlling formation conditions such that the mixture produced from the formation comprises condensable hydrocarbons including H2, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1418 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1419 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1420 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1421 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1422 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1423 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1424 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1425 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1426 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1427 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1428 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1429 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1430 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1431 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1432 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1433 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1434 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1435 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1436 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1437 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1438 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1439 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1440 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1441 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1442 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1443 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1444 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1445 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1446 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1447 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1448 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1449 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1450 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1451 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1452 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1453 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1454 (depends on 1417) The method of claim 1417, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1455 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; maintaining a pressure of the selected section above atmospheric pressure to increase a partial pressure of H2, as compared to the partial pressure of H2 at atmospheric pressure, in at least a majority of the selected section; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1456 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1457 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1458 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1459 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1460 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1461 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1462 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising controlling the pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1463 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1464 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1465 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1466 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1467 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1468 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1469 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1470 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1471 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1472 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1473 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1474 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1475 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1476 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1477 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1478 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1479 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1480 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising controlling the pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1481 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising increasing the pressure of the selected section, to an upper limit of about 21 bar absolute, to increase an amount of non-condensable hydrocarbons produced from the formation. ### Claim 1482 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising decreasing pressure of the selected section, to a lower limit of about atmospheric pressure, to increase an amount of condensable hydrocarbons produced from the formation. ### Claim 1483 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein the partial pressure comprises a partial pressure based on properties measured at a production well. ### Claim 1484 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising altering the pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1485 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1486 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1487 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1488 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1489 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1490 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1491 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1492 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1493 (depends on 1455) The method of claim 1455, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1494 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; providing H2 to the formation to produce a reducing environment in at least some of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1495 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1496 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1497 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising separating a portion of hydrogen within the mixture and recirculating the portion into the formation. ### Claim 1498 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1499 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1500 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1501 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1502 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1503 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1504 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1505 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1506 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1507 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1508 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1509 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1510 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1511 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1512 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1513 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1514 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1515 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1516 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1517 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1518 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1519 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1520 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1521 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1522 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1523 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1524 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1525 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein providing hydrogen (H2) to the formation further comprises: hydrogenating hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1526 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1527 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1528 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1529 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1530 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1531 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1532 (depends on 1494) The method of claim 1494, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1533 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; providing H2 to the selected section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the selected section and to heat a portion of the section with heat from the hydrogenation; and controlling heating of the selected section by controlling amounts of H2 provided to the selected section. ### Claim 1534 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1535 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1536 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1537 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1538 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1539 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1540 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1541 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1542 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1543 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1544 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1545 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1546 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1547 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1548 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1549 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1550 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1551 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1552 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1553 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1554 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1555 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1556 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1557 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1558 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1559 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1560 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1561 (depends on 1560) The method of claim 1560, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1562 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1563 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from a produced mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1564 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1565 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1566 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1567 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, wherein the heating is controlled of claim 1533, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1568 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1569 (depends on 1533) The method of claim 1533, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1570 An in situ method for producing H2 from a coal formation, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein a H2 partial pressure within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1571 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1572 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1573 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1574 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1575 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1576 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1577 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1578 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1579 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1580 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1581 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1582 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1583 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1584 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1585 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1586 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1587 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1588 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1589 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1590 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1591 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1592 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1593 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1594 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1595 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1596 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1597 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1598 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising recirculating a portion of the hydrogen within the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1599 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising condensing a hydrocarbon component from the produced mixture and hydrogenating the condensed hydrocarbons with a portion of the hydrogen. ### Claim 1600 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1601 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1602 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1603 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1604 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1605 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1606 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1607 (depends on 1570) The method of claim 1570, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1608 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using an atomic hydrogen weight percentage of at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the selected section, and wherein at least the portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises an atomic hydrogen weight percentage, when measured on a dry, ash-free basis, of greater than about 4.0%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1609 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1610 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1611 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1612 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1613 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1614 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1615 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1616 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1617 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1618 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1619 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1620 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1621 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1622 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1623 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1624 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1625 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1626 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1627 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1628 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1629 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1630 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1631 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1632 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1633 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1634 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1635 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1636 (depends on 1635) The method of claim 1635, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1637 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1638 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1639 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1640 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1641 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1642 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1643 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1644 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1645 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1646 (depends on 1608) The method of claim 1608, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1647 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section have an initial atomic hydrogen weight percentage of greater than about 4.0%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1648 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1649 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1650 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1651 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1652 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1653 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1654 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1655 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1656 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1657 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1658 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1659 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1660 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1661 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1662 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1663 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1664 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1665 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1666 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1667 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1668 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1669 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1670 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1671 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1672 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1673 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1674 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1675 (depends on 1674) The method of claim 1674, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1676 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1677 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1678 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1679 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1680 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1681 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1682 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1683 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1684 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1685 (depends on 1647) The method of claim 1647, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1686 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation: allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation: wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using vitrinite reflectance of at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section, and wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises a vitrinite reflectance of greater than about 0.3%; wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises a vitrinite reflectance of less than about 4.5%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1687 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1688 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature. ### Claim 1689 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the vitrinite reflectance of at least the portion of hydrocarbons within the selected section is between about 0.47% and about 1.5% such that a majority of the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 1690 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the vitrinite reflectance of at least the portion of hydrocarbons within the selected section is between about 1.4% and about 4.2% such that a majority of the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 1691 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1692 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1693 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1694 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1695 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1696 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1697 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1698 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1699 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1700 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1701 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1702 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1703 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1704 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1705 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1706 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1707 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1708 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1709 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1710 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1711 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1712 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1713 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1714 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1715 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1716 (depends on 1715) The method of claim 1715, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1717 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1718 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1719 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1720 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1721 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1722 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1723 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1724 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1725 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1726 (depends on 1686) The method of claim 1686, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1727 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using a total organic matter weight percentage of at least a portion of the selected section, and wherein at least the portion of the selected section comprises a total organic matter weight percentage of at least about 5.0%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1728 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1729 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1730 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1731 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1732 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1733 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1734 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1735 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1736 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1737 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1738 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1739 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1740 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1741 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1742 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1743 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1744 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1745 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1746 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1747 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1748 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1749 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1750 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1751 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1752 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1753 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1754 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1755 (depends on 1754) The method of claim 1754, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1756 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1757 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, farther comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1758 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1759 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1760 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1761 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1762 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1763 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1764 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1765 (depends on 1727) The method of claim 1727, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1766 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section have an initial total organic matter weight percentage of at least about 5.0%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1767 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1768 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1769 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1770 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1771 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1772 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1773 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1774 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1775 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average beat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1776 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1777 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1778 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1779 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1780 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1781 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1782 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1783 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1784 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1785 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1786 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1787 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1788 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1789 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1790 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1791 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1792 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1793 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1794 (depends on 1793) The method of claim 1793, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1795 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1796 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1797 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1798 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1799 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1800 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1801 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1802 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1803 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1804 (depends on 1766) The method of claim 1766, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1805 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using an atomic oxygen weight percentage of at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the selected section, and wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises an atomic oxygen weight percentage of less than about 15% when measured on a dry, ash free basis; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1806 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1807 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1808 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1809 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1810 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1811 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1812 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1813 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1814 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1815 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1816 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1817 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1818 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1819 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1820 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1821 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1822 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1823 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1824 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1825 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1826 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1827 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1828 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1829 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1830 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1831 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1832 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1833 (depends on 1832) The method of claim 1832, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1834 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1835 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1836 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1837 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1838 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1839 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein allowing the heat to transfer further comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1840 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1841 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1842 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1843 (depends on 1805) The method of claim 1805, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1844 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section of the formation to pyrolyze hydrocarbon within the selected section; wherein at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section have an initial atomic oxygen weight percentage of less than about 15%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1845 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1846 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range ### Claim 1847 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1848 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1849 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1850 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1851 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1852 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1853 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1854 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1855 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1856 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1857 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1858 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1859 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1860 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1861 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1862 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1863 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1864 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1865 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1866 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1867 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1868 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1869 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1870 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1871 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1872 (depends on 1871) The method of claim 1871, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1873 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1874 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1875 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1876 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1877 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1878 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1879 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1880 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1881 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1882 (depends on 1844) The method of claim 1844, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1883 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using an atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio of at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the selected section, wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises an atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio greater than about 0.70, and wherein the atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio is less than about 1.65; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1884 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1885 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1886 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1887 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1888 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1889 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1890 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1891 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1892 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1893 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1894 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1895 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1896 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1897 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1898 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1899 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1900 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1901 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1902 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1903 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1904 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1905 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1906 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1907 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1908 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1909 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1910 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1911 (depends on 1910) The method of claim 1910, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1912 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1913 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1914 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1915 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1916 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1917 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1918 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1919 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1920 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1921 (depends on 1883) The method of claim 1883, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1922 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation: allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section of the formation to pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; wherein at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section have an initial atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio greater than about 0.70; wherein the initial atomic hydrogen to carbon ration is less than about 1.65; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1923 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1924 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1925 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1926 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1927 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1928 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1929 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1930 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1931 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1932 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1933 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1934 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1935 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1936 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1937 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1938 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1939 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1940 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1941 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1942 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1943 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1944 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1945 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1946 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1947 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1948 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1949 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1950 (depends on 1949) The method of claim 1949, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1951 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1952 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1953 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1954 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1955 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1956 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1957 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1958 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1959 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1960 (depends on 1922) The method of claim 1922, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 1961 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation: allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation: wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using an atomic oxygen to carbon ratio of at least a portion of hydrocarbons in the selected section, wherein at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section comprises an atomic oxygen to carbon ratio greater than about 0.025, and wherein the atomic oxygen to carbon ratio of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the selected section is less than about 0.15 and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 1962 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 1963 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 1964 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 1965 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 1966 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 1967 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 1968 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 1969 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 1970 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 1971 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 1972 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 1973 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 1974 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 1975 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 1976 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 1977 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 1978 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 1979 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 1980 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 1981 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 1982 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 1983 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 1984 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 1985 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 1986 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 1987 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 1988 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 1989 (depends on 1988) The method of claim 1988, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 1990 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 1991 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 1992 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 1993 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 1994 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 1995 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein allowing the heat to transfer further comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 1996 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 1997 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 1998 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 1999 (depends on 1961) The method of claim 1961, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2000 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising providing heat from one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section of the formation to pyrolyze hydrocarbons within the selected section; wherein at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section have an initial atomic oxygen to carbon ratio greater than about 0.025; wherein the initial atomic oxygen to carbon ratio is less than about 0.15; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 2001 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2002 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2003 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2004 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2005 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2006 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2007 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2008 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2009 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2010 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2011 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2012 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2013 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2014 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2015 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2016 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2017 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2018 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2019 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2020 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2021 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2022 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2023 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2024 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2025 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2026 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2027 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2028 (depends on 2027) The method of claim 2027, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2029 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2030 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2031 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2032 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2033 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2034 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein allowing the heat to transfer further comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2035 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2036 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2037 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2038 (depends on 2000) The method of claim 2000, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2039 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation: allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section has been selected for heating using a moisture content in the selected section, and wherein at least a portion of the selected section comprises a moisture content of less than about 15%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 2040 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2041 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2042 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2043 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2044 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2045 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2046 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2047 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2048 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2049 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2050 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2051 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2052 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2053 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2054 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2055 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2056 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2057 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2058 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2059 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2060 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2061 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2062 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2063 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2064 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2065 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2066 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2067 (depends on 2066) The method of claim 2066, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2068 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2069 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2070 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2071 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2072 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2073 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein allowing the heat to transfer further comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2074 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2075 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2076 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2077 (depends on 2039) The method of claim 2039, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2078 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section of the formation; wherein at least a portion of the selected section has an initial moisture content of less than about 15%; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 2079 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2080 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2081 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2082 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2083 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2084 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2085 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2086 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2087 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2088 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2089 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2090 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2091 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2092 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2093 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2094 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2095 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2096 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2097 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2098 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2099 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2100 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2101 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2102 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2103 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2104 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2105 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2106 (depends on 2105) The method of claim 2105, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2107 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2108 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2109 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2110 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2111 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2112 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein allowing the heat to transfer further comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2113 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2114 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2115 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2116 (depends on 2078) The method of claim 2078, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2117 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; wherein the selected section is heated in a reducing environment during at least a portion of the time that the selected section is being heated; and producing a mixture from the formation. ### Claim 2118 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2119 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2120 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2121 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2122 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2123 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2124 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2125 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2126 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2127 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2128 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2129 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2130 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2131 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2132 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2133 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2134 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2135 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2136 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2137 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2138 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2139 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2140 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2141 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2142 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2143 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2144 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2145 (depends on 2144) The method of claim 2144, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2146 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2147 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2148 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2149 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2150 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2151 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2152 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2153 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2154 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2155 (depends on 2117) The method of claim 2117, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2156 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a first section of the formation to produce a mixture from the formation; heating a second section of the formation; and recirculating a portion of the produced mixture from the first section into the second section of the formation to provide a reducing environment within the second section of the formation. ### Claim 2157 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the first section or the second section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2158 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises heating with an electrical heater. ### Claim 2159 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises heating with a surface burner. ### Claim 2160 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2161 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises heating with a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 2162 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2163 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the first or the second section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2164 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from one or more heat sources wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2165 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2166 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises heating the first or the second section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the first or the second section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2167 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2168 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2169 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2170 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2171 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2172 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2173 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2174 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2175 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2176 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2177 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2178 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2179 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2180 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2181 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2182 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2183 (depends on 2182) The method of claim 2182, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2184 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2185 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the first or second section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the first or second section; and heating a portion of the first or second section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2186 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2187 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or the second section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2188 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein heating the first or the second section comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or the second section. ### Claim 2189 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2190 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2191 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2192 (depends on 2156) The method of claim 2156, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2193 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation such that a permeability of at least a portion of the selected section increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2194 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2195 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2196 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2197 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2198 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2199 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2200 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2201 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2202 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2203 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2204 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2205 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2206 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2207 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2208 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2209 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2210 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2211 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2212 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2213 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2214 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2215 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2216 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2217 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2218 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2219 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2220 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2221 (depends on 2220) The method of claim 2220, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2222 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2223 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2224 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2225 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2226 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 5 Darcy. ### Claim 2227 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2228 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2229 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2230 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2231 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2232 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation such that a permeability of a majority of at least a portion of the selected section increases substantially uniformly. ### Claim 2233 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2234 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2235 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2236 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2237 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2238 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2239 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2240 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2241 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2242 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2243 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2244 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2245 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2246 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2247 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2248 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2249 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2250 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2251 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2252 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2253 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2254 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2255 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2256 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2257 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2258 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2259 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2260 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2261 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2262 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2263 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2264 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2265 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2266 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2267 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2268 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2269 (depends on 2232) The method of claim 2232, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2270 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation such that a porosity of a majority of at least a portion of the selected section increases substantially uniformly. ### Claim 2271 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2272 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2273 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2274 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2275 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2276 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2277 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2278 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2279 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2280 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2281 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2282 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2283 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2284 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2285 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2286 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2287 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2288 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2289 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2290 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2291 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2292 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2293 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2294 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2295 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2296 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2297 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2298 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2299 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2300 (depends on 2193) The method of claim 2193, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2301 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2302 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2303 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2304 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2305 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2306 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2307 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2308 (depends on 2270) The method of claim 2270, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2309 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and controlling the heat to yield at least about 15% by weight of a total organic carbon content of at least some of the coal formation into condensable hydrocarbons. ### Claim 2310 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2311 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2312 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2313 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2314 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2315 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2316 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2317 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2318 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2319 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2320 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2321 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2322 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.11% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2323 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2324 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2325 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2326 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2327 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2328 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2329 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2330 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2331 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2332 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2333 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2334 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2335 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2336 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2337 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2338 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2339 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2340 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2341 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2342 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2343 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2344 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, wherein the heating is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2345 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2346 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2347 (depends on 2309) The method of claim 2309, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2348 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2349 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2350 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2351 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2352 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2353 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2354 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2355 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2356 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2357 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2358 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2359 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2360 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2361 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2362 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2363 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2364 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2365 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2366 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2367 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2368 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2369 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2370 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2371 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2372 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2373 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2374 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2375 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2376 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2377 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2378 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2379 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2380 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2381 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2382 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2383 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2384 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2385 (depends on 2348) The method of claim 2348, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2386 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a first section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the first section and produce a first mixture from the formation; heating a second section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the second section and produce a second mixture from the formation; and leaving an unpyrolyzed section between the first section and the second section to inhibit subsidence of the formation. ### Claim 2387 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the first section or the second section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2388 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with an electrical heater. ### Claim 2389 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a surface burner. ### Claim 2390 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2391 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating with a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 2392 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2393 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the first or second section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2394 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2395 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2396 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises heating the formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the first or second section, respectively, is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2397 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2398 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2399 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2400 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2401 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2402 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2403 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2404 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2405 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2406 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2407 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2408 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises a non-condensable component, and wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, and wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2409 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the first or second mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2410 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein the first or second mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2411 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the first or second section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2412 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the first or second mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the first or second mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2413 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the first or second mixture is measured when the first or second mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2414 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2415 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the first or second mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2416 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the first or second section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the first or second section, respectively; and heating a portion of the first or second section, respectively, with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2417 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2418 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section, respectively, to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2419 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein heating the first section or heating the second section comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section, respectively. ### Claim 2420 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising controlling heating of the first or second section to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay, from the first or second section, respectively. ### Claim 2421 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, wherein producing the first or second mixture comprises producing the first or second mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2422 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2423 (depends on 2386) The method of claim 2386, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2424 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation through one or more production wells, wherein the heating is controlled such that the mixture can be produced from the formation as a vapor, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2425 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2426 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2427 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2428 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2429 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2430 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2431 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2432 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2433 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2434 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2435 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2436 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2437 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2438 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2439 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2440 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2441 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2442 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2443 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2444 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2445 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2446 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2447 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2448 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2449 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2450 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2451 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2452 (depends on 2452) The method of claim 2452, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2453 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2454 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2455 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2456 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2457 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2458 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2459 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, wherein the heating is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2460 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2461 (depends on 2424) The method of claim 2424, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2462 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the one or more heat sources are disposed within one or more first wells; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation through one or more second wells, wherein one or more of the first or second wells are initially used for a first purpose and are then used for one or more other purposes. ### Claim 2463 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the first purpose comprises removing water from the formation, and wherein the second purpose comprises providing heat to the formation. ### Claim 2464 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the first purpose comprises removing water from the formation, and wherein the second purpose comprises producing the mixture. ### Claim 2465 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the first purpose comprises heating, and wherein the second purpose comprises removing water from the formation. ### Claim 2466 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the first purpose comprises producing the mixture, and wherein the second purpose comprises removing water from the formation. ### Claim 2467 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2468 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2469 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2470 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2471 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2472 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1.0° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2473 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of the formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2474 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2475 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2476 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2477 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2478 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2479 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2480 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2481 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2482 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2483 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2484 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2485 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2486 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2487 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2488 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2489 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2490 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture of condensable hydrocarbons and H2, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2491 (depends on 2490) The method of claim 2490, wherein the partial pressure of H2 is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2492 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2493 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling formation conditions, wherein controlling formation conditions comprises recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2494 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2495 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein the produced mixture comprises hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons, the method further comprising hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2496 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2497 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2498 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2499 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2500 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2501 (depends on 2462) The method of claim 2462, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2502 A method for forming heater wells in a coal formation, comprising: forming a first wellbore in the formation; forming a second wellbore in the formation using magnetic tracking such that the second wellbore is arranged substantially parallel to the first wellbore; and providing at least one heating mechanism within the first wellbore and at least one heating mechanism within the second wellbore such that the heating mechanisms can provide heat to at least a portion of the formation. ### Claim 2503 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, wherein superposition of heat from the at least one heating mechanism within the first wellbore and the at least one heating mechanism within the second wellbore pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2504 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising maintaining a temperature within a selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2505 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, wherein the heating mechanisms comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2506 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, wherein the heating mechanisms comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2507 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, wherein the heating mechanisms comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2508 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, wherein the heating mechanisms comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2509 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2510 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising controlling the heat from the heating mechanisms such that heat transferred from the heating mechanisms to at least the portion of the hydrocarbons is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2511 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the heating mechanisms, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2512 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising allowing the heat to transfer from the heating mechanisms to at least the portion of the formation substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2513 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising providing heat from the heating mechanisms to at least the portion of the formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least the portion of the formation is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2514 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2515 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2516 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.1 5. ### Claim 2517 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2518 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2519 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2520 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2521 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2522 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2523 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2524 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2525 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2526 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2527 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2528 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2529 (depends on 2528) The method of claim 2528, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2530 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2531 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2532 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2533 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the portion to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the formation; and heating a portion of the formation with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2534 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2535 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanisms to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of a selected section of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2536 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanisms to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of the selected section increases substantially uniformly. ### Claim 2537 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2538 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2539 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising forming a production well in the formation using magnetic tracking such that the production well is substantially parallel to the first wellbore and coupling a wellhead to the third wellbore. ### Claim 2540 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2541 (depends on 2502) The method of claim 2502, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2542 A method for installing a heater well into a coal formation, comprising: forming a bore in the ground using a steerable motor and an accelerometer; and providing a heating mechanism within the bore such that the heating mechanism can transfer heat to at least a portion of the formation. ### Claim 2543 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising installing at least two heater wells, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heater wells pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2544 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising maintaining a temperature within a selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2545 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, wherein the heating mechanism comprises an electrical heater. ### Claim 2546 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a surface burner. ### Claim 2547 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2548 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 2549 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2550 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising controlling the heat from the heating mechanism such that heat transferred from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2551 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the heating mechanism, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2552 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising allowing the heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2553 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising providing heat from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least the portion of the formation is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2554 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2555 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2556 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2557 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2558 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2559 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2560 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2561 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2562 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2563 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2564 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2565 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2566 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2567 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2568 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2569 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2570 (depends on 2569) The method of claim 2569, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2571 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2572 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2573 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the at least the heated portion to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the formation; and heating a portion of the formation with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2574 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2575 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of a selected section of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2576 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of the selected section increases substantially uniformly. ### Claim 2577 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2578 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heating mechanisms are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2579 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2580 (depends on 2542) The method of claim 2542, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2581 A method for installing of wells in a coal formation, comprising: forming a wellbore in the formation by geosteered drilling; and providing a heating mechanism within the wellbore such that the heating mechanism can transfer heat to at least a portion of the formation. ### Claim 2582 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising maintaining a temperature within a selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2583 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, wherein the heating mechanism comprises an electrical heater. ### Claim 2584 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a surface burner. ### Claim 2585 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2586 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, wherein the heating mechanism comprises a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 2587 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2588 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising controlling the heat from the heating mechanism such that heat transferred from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2589 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the heating mechanism, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2590 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising allowing the heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2591 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising providing heat from the heating mechanism to at least the portion of the formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least the portion of the formation is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2592 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2593 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2594 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2595 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2596 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2597 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2598 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2599 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2600 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2601 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2602 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2603 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2604 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2605 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2606 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of a selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2607 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2608 (depends on 2607) The method of claim 2607, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2609 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2610 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2611 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to at least the heated portion to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the formation; and heating a portion of the formation with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2612 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2613 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of a selected section of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2614 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the heating mechanism to a selected section of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section such that a permeability of a majority of the selected section increases substantially uniformly. ### Claim 2615 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2616 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2617 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2618 (depends on 2581) The method of claim 2581, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2619 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: heating a selected section of the formation with a heating element placed within a wellbore, wherein at least one end of the heating element is free to move axially within the wellbore to allow for thermal expansion of the heating element. ### Claim 2620 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising at least two heating elements within at least two wellbores, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heating elements pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2621 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2622 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein the heating element comprises a pipe-in-pipe heater. ### Claim 2623 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein the heating element comprises a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2624 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein the heating element comprises a mineral insulated cable coupled to a support, and wherein the support is free to move within the wellbore. ### Claim 2625 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein the heating element comprises a mineral insulated cable suspended from a wellhead. ### Claim 2626 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of a heated section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2627 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the heated section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2628 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein heating the section of the formation further comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the heating element, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2629 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein heating the section of the formation comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2630 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising heating the selected section of the formation such that a thermal conductivity of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2631 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2632 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2633 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2634 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2635 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2636 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2637 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2638 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2639 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2640 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2641 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2642 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2643 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2644 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2645 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising controlling a pressure within the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2646 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2647 (depends on 2647) The method of claim 2647, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2648 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2649 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2650 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the heated section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2651 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2652 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein heating comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the heated section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2653 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein heating comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the heated section. ### Claim 2654 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, wherein the heating is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2655 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2656 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2657 (depends on 2619) The method of claim 2619, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2658 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to a selected section of the formation; and producing a mixture from the formation through a production well, wherein the production well is located such that a majority of the mixture produced from the formation comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons and a non-condensable component comprising hydrogen. ### Claim 2659 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2660 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2661 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the production well is less than approximately 6 m from a heat source of the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 2662 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the production well is less than approximately 3 m from a heat source of the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 2663 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the production well is less than approximately 1.5 m from a heat source of the one or more heat sources. ### Claim 2664 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein an additional heat source is positioned within a wellbore of the production well. ### Claim 2665 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise electrical heaters. ### Claim 2666 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise surface burners. ### Claim 2667 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2668 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the one or more heat sources comprise natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2669 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2670 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2671 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources to at least the portion of formation comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the one or more heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2672 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more heat sources to the selected section comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2673 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein providing heat from the one or more heat sources comprises heating the selected section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2674 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2675 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2676 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2677 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2678 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2679 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2680 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2681 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2682 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2683 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2684 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2685 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2686 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2687 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2688 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2689 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2690 (depends on 2689) The method of claim 2689, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2691 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2692 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of the hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2693 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the section; and heating a portion of the section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2694 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising: producing condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2695 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2696 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2697 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2698 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, wherein producing the mixture comprises producing the mixture in a production well, and wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2699 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2700 (depends on 2658) The method of claim 2658, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2701 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat to at least a portion of the formation from one or more first heat sources placed within a pattern in the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from the one or more first heat sources to a first section of the formation: heating a second section of the formation with at least one second heat source, wherein the second section is located within the first section, and wherein at least the one second heat source is configured to raise an average temperature of a portion of the second section to a higher temperature than an average temperature of the first section; and producing a mixture from the formation through a production well positioned within the second section, wherein a majority of the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons and a non-condensable component comprising H2 components. ### Claim 2702 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the one or more first heat sources comprise at least two heat sources, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the first section of the formation. ### Claim 2703 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the first section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2704 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least the one heat source comprises a heater element positioned within the production well. ### Claim 2705 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least the one second heat source comprises an electrical heater. ### Claim 2706 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least the one second heat source comprises a surface burner. ### Claim 2707 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least the one second heat source comprises a flameless distributed combustor. ### Claim 2708 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least the one second heat source comprises a natural distributed combustor. ### Claim 2709 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the first or the second section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2710 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the first section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2711 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein providing heat to the formation further comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the from the one or more first heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2712 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2713 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein providing heat from the one or more first heat sources comprises heating the first section such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the first section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2714 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2715 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2716 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2717 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2718 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2719 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701 wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2720 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2721 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2722 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2723 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2724 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2725 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2726 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2727 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2728 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the first or the second section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2729 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2730 (depends on 2729) The method of claim 2729, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2731 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2732 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2733 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the first or second section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the first or second section, respectively; and heating a portion of the first or second section, respectively, with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2734 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising: producing condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2735 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2736 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the first or second section. ### Claim 2737 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein heating the first or the second section is controlled to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2738 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2739 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2740 (depends on 2701) The method of claim 2701, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2741 A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising: providing heat into the formation from a plurality of heat sources placed in a pattern within the formation, wherein a spacing between heat sources is greater than about 6 m; allowing the heat to transfer from the plurality of heat sources to a selected section of the formation; producing a mixture from the formation from a plurality of production wells, wherein the plurality of production wells are positioned within the pattern, and wherein a spacing between production wells is greater than about 12 m. ### Claim 2742 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein superposition of heat from the plurality of heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section of the formation. ### Claim 2743 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising maintaining a temperature within the selected section within a pyrolysis temperature range. ### Claim 2744 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the plurality of heat sources comprises electrical heaters. ### Claim 2745 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the plurality of heat sources comprises surface burners. ### Claim 2746 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the plurality of heat sources comprises flameless distributed combustors. ### Claim 2747 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the plurality of heat sources comprises natural distributed combustors. ### Claim 2748 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure. ### Claim 2749 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the selected section is less than about 1° C. per day during pyrolysis. ### Claim 2750 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein providing heat from the plurality of heat comprises: heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from the plurality of heat sources, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day provided to the volume is equal to or less than Pwr, wherein Pwr is calculated by the equation: Pwr=h*V*Cv*ρB wherein Pwr is the heating energy/day, h is an average heating rate of the formation, ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein the heating rate is less than about 10° C./day. ### Claim 2751 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction. ### Claim 2752 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein providing heat comprises heating the selected formation such that a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the selected section is greater than about 0.5 W/(m ° C.). ### Claim 2753 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°. ### Claim 2754 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins. ### Claim 2755 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. ### Claim 2756 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen. ### Claim 2757 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen. ### Claim 2758 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur. ### Claim 2759 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols. ### Claim 2760 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds. ### Claim 2761 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings. ### Claim 2762 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes. ### Claim 2763 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes. ### Claim 2764 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component, and wherein the hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component. ### Claim 2765 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by w eight of the produced mixture is ammonia. ### Claim 2766 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. ### Claim 2767 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the selected section of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. ### Claim 2768 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce the mixture, wherein a partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. ### Claim 2769 (depends on 2768) The method of claim 2768, wherein the partial pressure of H2 within the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well. ### Claim 2770 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25. ### Claim 2771 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation. ### Claim 2772 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising: providing hydrogen (H2) to the selected section to hydrogenate hydrocarbons within the selected section; and heating a portion of the selected section with heat from hydrogenation. ### Claim 2773 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising: producing hydrogen and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. ### Claim 2774 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section to greater than about 100 millidarcy. ### Claim 2775 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises substantially uniformly increasing a permeability of a majority of the selected section. ### Claim 2776 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay. ### Claim 2777 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, wherein at least about 7 heat sources are disposed in the formation for each production well. ### Claim 2778 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, and wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern. ### Claim 2779 (depends on 2741) The method of claim 2741, further comprising providing heat from three or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heat sources are located in the formation in a unit of heat sources, wherein the unit of heat sources comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units. ### Claim 2780 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heater disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the heater is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2781 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2782 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2783 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2784 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2785 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2786 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers substantial heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2787 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2788 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2789 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2790 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2791 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2792 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2793 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising a conductor disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein the conductor is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the conductor. ### Claim 2794 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an insulated conductor disposed within the opening, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 2795 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising at least one elongated member disposed within the opening, wherein the at least the one elongated member is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 2796 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to heat the oxidizing fluid, wherein the conduit is further configured to provide the heated oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the heated oxidizing fluid is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during use. ### Claim 2797 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2798 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2799 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2800 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2801 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2802 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2803 (depends on 2780) The system of claim 2780, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2804 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heater configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the heater is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from an oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2805 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2806 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2807 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2808 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2809 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2810 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2811 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2812 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2813 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2814 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2815 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2816 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2817 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising a conductor disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein the conductor is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the conductor. ### Claim 2818 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an insulated conductor disposed within the opening, wherein the insulated conductor is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 2819 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising at least one elongated member disposed within the opening, wherein the at least the one elongated member is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 2820 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is configurable to heat the oxidizing fluid, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide the heated oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the heated oxidizing fluid is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during use. ### Claim 2821 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2822 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2823 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2824 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2825 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2826 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2827 (depends on 2804) The system of claim 2804, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2828 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 2829 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 2830 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 2831 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 2832 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 2833 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 2834 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 2835 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 2836 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2837 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2838 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2839 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2840 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 2841 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2842 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to a conductor disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2843 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to an insulated conductor disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2844 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to at least one elongated member disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2845 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein heating the portion comprises heating the oxidizing fluid in a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation such that providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening comprises transferring heat from the heated oxidizing fluid to the portion. ### Claim 2846 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 2847 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 2848 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2849 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2850 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2851 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2852 (depends on 2828) The method of claim 2828, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 2853 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heater disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the heater is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product from the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2854 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2855 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2856 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2857 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2858 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the conduit is further configured such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2859 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2860 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2861 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2862 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2863 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 2864 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2865 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising a conductor disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein the conductor is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the conductor. ### Claim 2866 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an insulated conductor disposed within the opening, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 2867 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising at least one elongated member disposed within the opening, wherein the at least the one elongated member is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 2868 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to heat the oxidizing fluid, wherein the conduit is further configured to provide the heated oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the heated oxidizing fluid is configured to heat at least a portion of the formation during use. ### Claim 2869 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2870 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2871 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2872 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2873 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2874 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2875 (depends on 2853) The system of claim 2853, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2876 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heater configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the heater is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from an oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone, and wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product from the formation during use; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone during use. ### Claim 2877 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2878 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2879 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2880 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2881 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the conduit is further configurable such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2882 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2883 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2884 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2885 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2886 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 2887 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2888 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising a conductor disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein the conductor is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the conductor. ### Claim 2889 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an insulated conductor disposed within the opening, wherein the insulated conductor is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 2890 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising at least one elongated member disposed within the opening, wherein the at least the one elongated member is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during application of an electrical current to the at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 2891 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is configurable to heat the oxidizing fluid, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide the heated oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the heated oxidizing fluid is configurable to heat at least a portion of the formation during use. ### Claim 2892 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2893 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2894 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2895 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2896 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2897 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2898 (depends on 2876) The system of claim 2876, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2899 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein the portion is located substantially adjacent to an opening in the formation; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing gas to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat in the reaction zone; removing at least a portion of an oxidation product through the opening; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 2900 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 2901 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 2902 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 2903 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially maintained within the reaction zone. ### Claim 2904 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2905 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the opening comprises removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the conduit. ### Claim 2906 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the opening comprises removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the conduit, the method further comprising transferring substantial heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 2907 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, wherein removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the opening comprises removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the conduit, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2908 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the opening comprises removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the conduit, the method further comprising controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2909 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, and wherein removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the opening comprises removing at least the portion of the oxidation product through the conduit, the method further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2910 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2911 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing at least a portion of the oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 2912 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2913 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to a conductor disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2914 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to an insulated conductor disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2915 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein heating the portion comprises applying electrical current to at least one elongated member disposed within the opening. ### Claim 2916 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein heating the portion comprises heating the oxidizing fluid in a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation such that providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening comprises transferring heat from the heated oxidizing fluid to the portion. ### Claim 2917 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 2918 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 2919 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2920 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2921 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2922 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2923 (depends on 2899) The method of claim 2899, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction. ### Claim 2924 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: an electric heater disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the electric heater is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2925 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2926 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2927 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2928 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2929 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2930 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2931 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2932 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2933 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2934 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2935 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2936 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2937 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2938 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2939 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2940 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2941 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2942 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2943 (depends on 2924) The system of claim 2924, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2944 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: an electric heater configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the electric heater is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use, and wherein at least the portion is located substantially adjacent to the opening; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from an oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2945 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2946 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2947 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2948 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 2949 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2950 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2951 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 2952 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2953 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2954 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2955 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2956 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2957 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2958 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2959 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2960 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2961 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2962 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2963 (depends on 2944) The system of claim 2944, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2964 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a conductor disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is disposed in an opening in the formation, and wherein the conductor is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source: a second conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the second conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2965 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2966 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2967 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2968 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the second conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 2969 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2970 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2971 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the second conduit. ### Claim 2972 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the second conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the second conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2973 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2974 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2975 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the second conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the second conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2976 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2977 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2978 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2979 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 2980 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 2981 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 2982 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 2983 (depends on 2964) The system of claim 2964, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 2984 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a conductor configurable to be disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, and wherein the conductor is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a second conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from an oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 2985 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 2986 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 2987 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 2988 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the second conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 2989 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 2990 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2991 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the second conduit. ### Claim 2992 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the second conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the second conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 2993 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2994 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 2995 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the second conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 2996 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 2997 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 2998 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 2999 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3000 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3001 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3002 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3003 (depends on 2984) The system of claim 2984, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 3004 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein heating comprises applying an electrical current to a conductor disposed in a first conduit to provide heat to the portion, and wherein the first conduit is disposed within the opening; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3005 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3006 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a second conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 3007 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a second conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3008 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3009 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the second conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the second conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3010 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the second conduit. ### Claim 3011 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the second conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the second conduit. ### Claim 3012 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the second conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the second conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the second conduit. ### Claim 3013 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the second conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the second conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3014 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a second conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3015 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3016 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 3017 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3018 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3019 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3020 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3021 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3022 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3023 (depends on 3004) The method of claim 3004, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3024 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3025 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3026 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3027 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3028 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3029 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3030 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the conduit is further configured such that the oxidation product transfers substantial heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3031 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3032 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the second conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3033 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3034 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3035 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3036 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3037 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3038 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3039 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3040 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3041 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3042 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3043 (depends on 3024) The system of claim 3024, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 3044 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from an oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3045 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3046 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3047 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3048 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3049 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3050 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3051 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3052 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3053 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3054 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3055 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3056 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3057 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3058 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3059 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3060 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3061 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3062 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3063 (depends on 3044) The system of claim 3044, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 3064 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein heating comprises applying an electrical current to an insulated conductor to provide heat to the portion, and wherein the insulated conductor is disposed within the opening; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3065 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3066 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 3067 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3068 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3069 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3070 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 3071 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 3072 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3073 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3074 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3075 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3076 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 3077 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3078 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3079 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064 further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3080 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3081 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3082 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3083 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3084 (depends on 3064) The method of claim 3064, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 3085 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid wherein the portion is located substantially adjacent to an opening in the formation, wherein heating comprises applying an electrical current to an insulated conductor to provide heat to the portion, wherein the insulated conductor is coupled to a conduit, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the conduit is disposed within the opening; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3086 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3087 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with the critical flow orifices such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3088 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3089 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3090 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 3091 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 3092 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3093 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3094 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3095 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3096 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, wherein a center conduit is disposed within the conduit, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the conduit. ### Claim 3097 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3098 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3099 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3100 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3101 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3102 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3103 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3104 (depends on 3085) The method of claim 3085, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 3105 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3106 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3107 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3108 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3109 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3110 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3111 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3112 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3113 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3114 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3115 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3116 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3117 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3118 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3119 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3120 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3121 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3122 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3123 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3124 (depends on 3105) The system of claim 3105, wherein the system is further configured such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 3125 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member configurable to be disposed in an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to a reaction zone in the formation during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at the reaction zone during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3126 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3127 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3128 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3129 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3130 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3131 (depends on 315) The system of claim 315, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3132 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3133 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3134 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3135 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3136 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3137 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3138 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3139 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3140 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3141 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3142 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3143 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3144 (depends on 3125) The system of claim 3125, wherein the system is further configurable such that transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the pyrolysis zone. ### Claim 3145 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein heating comprises applying an electrical current to at least one elongated member to provide heat to the portion, and wherein at least the one elongated member is disposed within the opening; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3146 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3147 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 3148 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3149 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3150 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3151 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 3152 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 3153 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3154 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3155 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3156 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3157 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 3158 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3159 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3160 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3161 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3162 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3163 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3164 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3165 (depends on 3145) The method of claim 3145, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 3166 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heat exchanger disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to heat an oxidizing fluid during use; a conduit disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide the heated oxidizing fluid from the heat exchanger to at least a portion of the formation during use, wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the heated oxidizing fluid to at least the portion of the formation during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at a reaction zone in the formation during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3167 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configured to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3168 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3169 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configured to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3170 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3171 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3172 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3173 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3174 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3175 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3176 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3177 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein the center conduit is configured to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the conduit is further configured to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3178 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3179 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3180 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3181 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3182 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3183 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3184 (depends on 3166) The system of claim 3166, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3185 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a heat exchanger configurable to be disposed external to the formation, wherein the heat exchanger is further configurable to heat an oxidizing fluid during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed in the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide the heated oxidizing fluid from the heat exchanger to at least a portion of the formation during use, wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the heated oxidizing fluid to at least the portion of the formation during use, and wherein the system is further configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons at a reaction zone in the formation during use such that heat is generated at the reaction zone; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone of the formation during use. ### Claim 3186 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the oxidizing fluid is configurable to generate heat in the reaction zone such that the oxidizing fluid is transported through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion. ### Claim 3187 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit comprises orifices, and wherein the orifices are configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening. ### Claim 3188 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit comprises critical flow orifices, and wherein the critical flow orifices are configurable to control a flow of the oxidizing fluid such that a rate of oxidation in the formation is controlled. ### Claim 3189 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit is further configurable to be cooled with the oxidizing fluid such that the conduit is not substantially heated by oxidation. ### Claim 3190 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product. ### Claim 3191 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product such that the oxidation product transfers heat to the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3192 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3193 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein a pressure of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit and a pressure of the oxidation product in the conduit are controlled to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3194 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, therein the conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product, and wherein the oxidation product is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3195 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the oxidizing fluid is substantially inhibited from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3196 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising a center conduit disposed within the conduit, wherein center conduit is configurable to provide the oxidizing fluid into the opening during use, and wherein the second conduit is further configurable to remove an oxidation product during use. ### Claim 3197 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3198 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3199 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3200 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3201 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3202 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3203 (depends on 3185) The system of claim 3185, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. NDC (HEAT EXCHANGER PREHEATING METHOD) ### Claim 3204 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein heating comprises: heating the oxidizing fluid with a heat exchanger, wherein the heat exchanger is disposed external to the formation; providing the heated oxidizing fluid from the heat exchanger to the portion of the formation; and allowing heat to transfer from the heated oxidizing fluid to the portion of the formation; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3205 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3206 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 3207 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3208 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3209 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3210 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 3211 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 3212 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3213 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3214 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3215 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3216 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 3217 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3218 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3219 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3220 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3221 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3222 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3223 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3224 (depends on 3204) The method of claim 3204, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 3225 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons within the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid, wherein heating comprises: oxidizing a fuel gas in a heater, wherein the heater is disposed external to the formation; a providing the oxidized fuel gas from the heater to the portion of the formation; and allowing heat to transfer from the oxidized fuel gas to the portion of the formation; providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation; allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons at the reaction zone to generate heat at the reaction zone; and transferring the generated heat substantially by conduction from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation. ### Claim 3226 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion. ### Claim 3227 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising directing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the opening through orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening. ### Claim 3228 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices of a conduit disposed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled. ### Claim 3229 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time within the reaction zone. ### Claim 3230 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed in the opening, the method further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation. ### Claim 3231 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit. ### Claim 3232 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and transferring heat from the oxidation product in the conduit to the oxidizing fluid in the conduit. ### Claim 3233 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit, wherein a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid in the conduit is approximately equal to a flow rate of the oxidation product in the conduit. ### Claim 3234 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and controlling a pressure between the oxidizing fluid and the oxidation product in the conduit to reduce contamination of the oxidation product by the oxidizing fluid. ### Claim 3235 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through the conduit and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3236 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone. ### Claim 3237 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein a center conduit is disposed within an outer conduit, and wherein the outer conduit is disposed within the opening, the method further comprising providing the oxidizing fluid into the opening through the center conduit and removing an oxidation product through the outer conduit. ### Claim 3238 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein the portion of the formation extends radially from the opening a width of less than approximately 0.2 m. ### Claim 3239 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion. ### Claim 3240 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising controlling the temperature of the formation to substantially inhibit production of oxides of nitrogen during oxidation. ### Claim 3241 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3242 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3243 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3244 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3245 (depends on 3225) The method of claim 3225, wherein the pyrolysis zone is substantially adjacent to the reaction zone. ### Claim 3246 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor disposed within an open wellbore in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to provide radiant heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3247 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor during use. ### Claim 3248 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configured to support the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3249 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configured to support the insulated conductor, and wherein the centralizer is configured to maintain a location of the insulated conductor on the support member. ### Claim 3250 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the open wellbore comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3251 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3252 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3253 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3254 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3255 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3256 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath. ### Claim 3257 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3258 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3259 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3260 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3261 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3262 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3263 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3264 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3265 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3266 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3267 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two additional insulated conductors are configured in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3268 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configured in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3269 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configured in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3270 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m during use. ### Claim 3271 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a support member configured to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises orifices configured to provide fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3272 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a support member configured to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3273 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube is configured to provide a flow of fluid into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3274 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3275 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3276 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3277 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3278 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore. ### Claim 3279 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the open wellbore and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3280 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3281 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configured to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3282 (depends on 3246) The system of claim 3246, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some of the hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3283 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor configurable to be disposed within an open wellbore in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is further configurable to provide radiant heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3284 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor during use. ### Claim 3285 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configurable to support the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3286 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configurable to support the insulated conductor, and wherein the centralizer is configurable to maintain a location of the insulated conductor on the support member. ### Claim 3287 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the open wellbore comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3288 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3289 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3290 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3291 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3292 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3293 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath. ### Claim 3294 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3295 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3296 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3297 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3298 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3299 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3300 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3301 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configurable to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3302 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3303 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3304 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two additional insulated conductor are configurable in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3305 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configurable in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3306 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configurable in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3307 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the insulated conductor is configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m during use. ### Claim 3308 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a support member configurable to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises orifices configurable to provide fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3309 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a support member configurable to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3310 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube is configurable to provide a flow of fluid into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3311 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising a tube coupled to the first insulated conductor, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3312 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3313 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3314 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3315 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore. ### Claim 3316 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the open wellbore and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3317 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3318 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configurable to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3319 (depends on 3283) The system of claim 3283, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3320 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to an insulated conductor to provide radiant heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is disposed within an open wellbore in the formation; and allowing the radiant heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3321 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member. ### Claim 3322 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and maintaining a location of the insulated conductor on the support member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3323 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor is coupled to two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two insulated conductors are disposed within the open wellbore, and wherein the three insulated conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3324 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the open wellbore. ### Claim 3325 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the open wellbore, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a series configuration. ### Claim 3326 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the open wellbore, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a parallel configuration. ### Claim 3327 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m. ### Claim 3328 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3329 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3330 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3331 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3332 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3333 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3334 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3335 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3336 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3337 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a fluid into the open wellbore through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3338 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a substantially constant amount of fluid into the open wellbore through critical flow orifices in the support member. ### Claim 3339 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the open wellbore proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a fluid into the open wellbore through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3340 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein a tube is disposed in the open wellbore proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a substantially constant amount a fluid into the open wellbore through critical flow orifices in the tube. ### Claim 3341 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the open wellbore through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3342 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the open wellbore proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the open wellbore through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3343 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the insulated conductor using an electromagnetic signal provided to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3344 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising monitoring a leakage current of the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3345 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3346 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3347 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the insulated conductor with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3348 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3349 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3350 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3351 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3352 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3353 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3354 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the open wellbore. ### Claim 3355 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the open wellbore, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the open wellbore and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3356 (depends on 3320) The method of claim 3320, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the formation. ### Claim 3357 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to an insulated conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is disposed within an opening in the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a section of the formation. ### Claim 3358 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member. ### Claim 3359 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and maintaining a location of the first insulated conductor on the support member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3360 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor is coupled to two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two insulated conductors are disposed within the opening, and wherein the three insulated conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3361 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening. ### Claim 3362 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a series configuration. ### Claim 3363 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a parallel configuration. ### Claim 3364 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m. ### Claim 3365 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3366 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3367 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3368 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3369 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3370 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3371 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3372 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3373 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3374 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3375 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a substantially constant amount of fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the support member. ### Claim 3376 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3377 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein a tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a substantially constant amount a fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the tube. ### Claim 3378 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3379 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3380 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the insulated conductor using an electromagnetic signal provided to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3381 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising monitoring a leakage current of the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3382 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3383 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3384 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the insulated conductor with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3385 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3386 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3387 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3388 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3389 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3390 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing, is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3391 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3392 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3393 (depends on 3357) The method of claim 3357, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the formation. ### Claim 3394 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3395 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the insulated conductor is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor during use. ### Claim 3396 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configured to support the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3397 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configured to support the insulated conductor and wherein the centralizer is configured to maintain a location of the insulated conductor on the support member. ### Claim 3398 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3399 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3400 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3401 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3402 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3403 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3404 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3405 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3406 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3407 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3408 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3409 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3410 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3411 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two additional insulated conductors are configured in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3412 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configured in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3413 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configured in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3414 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the insulated conductor is configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m during use. ### Claim 3415 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a support member configured to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises orifices configured to provide fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3416 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a support member configured to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3417 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube is configured to provide a flow of fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 3418 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3419 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3420 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3421 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3422 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3423 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3424 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3425 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configured to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3426 (depends on 3394) The system of claim 3394, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3427 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: an insulated conductor configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight; wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3428 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the insulated conductor is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the insulated conductor during use. ### Claim 3429 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configurable to support the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3430 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configurable to support the insulated conductor, and wherein the centralizer is configurable to maintain a location of the insulated conductor on the support member. ### Claim 3431 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3432 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3433 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3434 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3435 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3436 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3437 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3438 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3439 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3440 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3441 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configurable to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3442 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3443 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3444 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two additional insulated conductors are configurable in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3445 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configurable in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3446 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an additional insulated conductor, wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are coupled to a support member, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are configurable in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3447 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the insulated conductor is configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m during use. ### Claim 3448 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a support member configurable to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises orifices configurable to provide fluid flow through the support member into the open wellbore during use. ### Claim 3449 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a support member configurable to support the insulated conductor, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3450 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube is configurable to provide a flow of fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 3451 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising a tube coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3452 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3453 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3454 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3455 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3456 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3457 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3458 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configurable to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3459 (depends on 3427) The system of claim 3427, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3460 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to an insulated conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the insulated conductor is disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein the insulated conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy of approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight; and allowing the heat to transfer from the insulated conductor to a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3461 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member. ### Claim 3462 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and maintaining a location of the first insulated conductor on the support member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3463 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the insulated conductor is coupled to two additional insulated conductors, wherein the insulated conductor and the two insulated conductors are disposed within the opening, and wherein the three insulated conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3464 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening. ### Claim 3465 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a series configuration. ### Claim 3466 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein an additional insulated conductor is disposed within the opening, and wherein the insulated conductor and the additional insulated conductor are electrically coupled in a parallel configuration. ### Claim 3467 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m. ### Claim 3468 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material. ### Claim 3469 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3470 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3471 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3472 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3473 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3474 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein the copper-nickel alloy is disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3475 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3476 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a substantially constant amount of fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the support member. ### Claim 3477 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3478 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein a tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a substantially constant amount a fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the tube. ### Claim 3479 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising supporting the insulated conductor on a support member and flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3480 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to the insulated conductor, the method further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3481 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the insulated conductor using an electromagnetic signal provided to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3482 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising monitoring a leakage current of the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3483 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3484 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3485 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the insulated conductor with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3486 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3487 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3488 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the insulated conductor using a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3489 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3490 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3491 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3492 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3493 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3494 (depends on 3460) The method of claim 3460, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the formation. ### Claim 3495 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least three insulated conductors disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration, and wherein at least the three insulated conductors are configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from at least the three insulated conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3496 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the three insulated conductors during use. ### Claim 3497 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configured to support at least the three insulated conductors. ### Claim 3498 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configured to support at least the three insulated conductors, and wherein the centralizer is configured to maintain a location of at least the three insulated conductors on the support member. ### Claim 3499 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3500 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3501 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3502 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3503 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3504 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3505 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath. ### Claim 3506 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3507 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3508 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3509 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3510 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3511 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3512 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3513 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3514 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3515 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3516 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m of at least the three insulated conductors during use. ### Claim 3517 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a support member configured to support at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the support member comprises orifices configured to provide fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3518 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a support member configured to support at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3519 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a tube coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the tube is configured to provide a flow of fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 3520 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising a tube coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configured to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3521 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3522 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3523 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3524 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3525 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3526 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3527 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configured to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3528 (depends on 3495) The system of claim 3495, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3529 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least three insulated conductors configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration, and wherein at least the three insulated conductors are further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from at least the three insulated conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3530 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the three insulated conductors during use. ### Claim 3531 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a support member, wherein the support member is configurable to support at least the three insulated conductors. ### Claim 3532 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a support member and a centralizer, wherein the support member is configurable to support at least the three insulated conductors, and wherein the centralizer is configurable to maintain a location of at least the three insulated conductors on the support member. ### Claim 3533 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3534 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3535 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3536 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein at least the one lead-in conductor comprises a copper wire. ### Claim 3537 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3538 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising at least one lead-in conductor coupled to at least the three insulated conductors with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3539 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath. ### Claim 3540 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3541 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3542 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3543 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises a thermally conductive material. ### Claim 3544 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3545 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3546 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3547 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein the insulated conductor comprises a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configurable to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3548 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3549 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material is disposed in a sheath and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3550 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m during use. ### Claim 3551 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a support member configurable to support at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the support member comprises orifices configurable to provide fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3552 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a support member configurable to support at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the support member comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3553 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a tube coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the tube is configurable to provide a flow of fluid into the opening during use. ### Claim 3554 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising a tube coupled to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the tube comprises critical flow orifices configurable to provide a substantially constant amount of fluid flow through the support member into the opening during use. ### Claim 3555 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3556 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3557 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3558 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3559 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3560 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3561 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, the system further comprising a wellhead coupled to the overburden casing and a lead-in conductor coupled to the insulated conductor, wherein the wellhead is disposed external to the overburden, wherein the wellhead comprises at least one sealing flange, and wherein at least the one sealing flange is configurable to couple to the lead-in conductor. ### Claim 3562 (depends on 3529) The system of claim 3529, wherein the system is further configured to transfer heat such that the transferred heat can pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons in the selected section. ### Claim 3563 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to at least three insulated conductors to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein at least the three insulated conductors are disposed within an opening in the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from at least the three insulated conductors to a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3564 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising supporting at least the three insulated conductors on a support member. ### Claim 3565 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising supporting at least the three insulated conductors on a support member and maintaining a location of at least the three insulated conductors on the support member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3566 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 500 W/m to approximately 1150 W/m. ### Claim 3567 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy. ### Claim 3568 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 7% nickel by weight to approximately 12% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3569 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the conductor comprises a copper-nickel alloy, and wherein the copper-nickel alloy comprises approximately 2% nickel by weight to approximately 6% nickel by weight. ### Claim 3570 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3571 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, and wherein the magnesium oxide comprises a thickness of at least approximately 1 mm. ### Claim 3572 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, and wherein the electrically insulating material comprises aluminum oxide and magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3573 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material wherein the electrically insulating material comprises magnesium oxide, wherein the magnesium oxide comprises grain particles, and wherein the grain particles are configured to occupy porous spaces within the magnesium oxide. ### Claim 3574 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises a corrosion-resistant material. ### Claim 3575 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein at least the three insulated conductors comprise a conductor disposed in an electrically insulating material, wherein the insulating material is disposed in a sheath, and wherein the sheath comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3576 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising supporting at least the three insulated conductors on a support member and flowing a fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3577 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising supporting at least the three insulated conductors on a support member and flowing a substantially constant amount of fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the support member. ### Claim 3578 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to at least the three insulated conductors, the method further comprising flowing a fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3579 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein a tube is disposed in the opening proximate to at least the three insulated conductors, the method further comprising flowing a substantially constant amount a fluid into the opening through critical flow orifices in the tube. ### Claim 3580 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising supporting at least the three insulated conductors on a support member and flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through an orifice in the support member. ### Claim 3581 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, wherein a perforated tube is disposed in the opening proximate to at least the three insulated conductors, the method further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid into the opening through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3582 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in at least the three insulated conductors using an electromagnetic signal provided to the insulated conductor. ### Claim 3583 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising monitoring a leakage current of at least the three insulated conductors. ### Claim 3584 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3585 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to at least the three insulated conductors. ### Claim 3586 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising monitoring a temperature in at least the three insulated conductors with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3587 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the three insulated conductors, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3588 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the three insulated conductors using a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3589 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the three insulated conductors using a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3590 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3591 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3592 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3593 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3594 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3595 (depends on 3563) The method of claim 3563, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the hydrocarbons within the formation. ### Claim 3596 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein the first conductor is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the first conductor to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3597 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conductor is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3598 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3599 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3600 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3601 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit. ### Claim 3602 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3603 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3604 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3605 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3606 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3607 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor. ### Claim 3608 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit. ### Claim 3609 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit, and wherein the sliding electrical connector is configured to complete an electrical circuit with the first conductor and the first conduit. ### Claim 3610 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit and at least one sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein at least the one sliding electrical connector is configured to generate less heat than the first conductor or the second conductor during use. ### Claim 3611 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3612 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to maintain a pressure within the first conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3613 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first conduit. ### Claim 3614 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3615 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit arcing between the first conductor and the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3616 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the first conduit, wherein the tube is configured to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the first conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3617 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the first conductor is further configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3618 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a second conductor disposed within a second conduit and a third conductor disposed within a third conduit, wherein first conduit, the second conduit and the third conduit are disposed in different openings of the formation, wherein the first conductor is electrically coupled to the second conductor and the third conductor, and wherein the first, second, and third conductors are configured to operate in a 3-phase Y configuration during use. ### Claim 3619 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor to form an electrical circuit. ### Claim 3620 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor to form an electrical circuit with a connector. ### Claim 3621 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3622 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3623 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3624 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3625 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3626 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor. ### Claim 3627 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3628 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing and a centralizer configured to support the substantially low resistance conductor within the overburden casing. ### Claim 3629 (depends on 3596) The system of claim 3596, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3630 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor configurable to be disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein the first conductor is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the first conductor to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3631 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conductor is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3632 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3633 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3634 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3635 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit. ### Claim 3636 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3637 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first conductor within the first conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3638 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3639 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3640 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3641 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor. ### Claim 3642 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit. ### Claim 3643 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit, and wherein the sliding electrical connector is configurable to complete an electrical circuit with the first conductor and the first conduit. ### Claim 3644 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit and at least one sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein at least the one sliding electrical connector is configurable to generate less heat than the first conductor or the second conductor during use. ### Claim 3645 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3646 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to maintain a pressure within the first conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3647 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first conduit. ### Claim 3648 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3649 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit arcing between the first conductor and the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3650 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the first conduit, wherein the tube is configurable to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the first conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the first conduit during use. ### Claim 3651 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the first conductor is further configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3652 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a second conductor disposed within a second conduit and a third conductor disposed within a third conduit, wherein first conduit, the second conduit and the third conduit are disposed in different openings of the formation, wherein the first conductor is electrically coupled to the second conductor and the third conductor, and wherein the first, second, and third conductors are configurable to operate in a 3-phase Y configuration during use. ### Claim 3653 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor to form an electrical circuit. ### Claim 3654 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising a second conductor disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor to form an electrical circuit with a connector. ### Claim 3655 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3656 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3657 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3658 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3659 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3660 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor. ### Claim 3661 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3662 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing and a centralizer configurable to support the substantially low resistance conductor within the overburden casing. ### Claim 3663 (depends on 3630) The system of claim 3630, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3664 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to a first conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the first conductor is disposed in a first conduit, and wherein the first conduit is disposed within an opening in the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the first conductor to a section of the formation. ### Claim 3665 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein the first conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3666 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein the first conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3667 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein the first conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3668 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising maintaining a location of the first conductor in the first conduit with a centralizer. ### Claim 3669 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising maintaining a location of the first conductor in the first conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3670 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising maintaining a location of the first conductor in the first conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3671 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling a sliding electrical connector to the first conductor. ### Claim 3672 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising electrically coupling a sliding electrical connector to the first conductor and the first conduit, wherein the first conduit comprises an electrical lead configured to complete an electrical circuit with the first conductor. ### Claim 3673 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling a sliding electrical connector to the first conductor and the first conduit, wherein the first conduit comprises an electrical lead configured to complete an electrical circuit with the first conductor, and wherein the generated heat comprises approximately 20 percent generated by the first conduit. ### Claim 3674 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 3675 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the first conduit using an electromagnetic signal provided to the conduit. ### Claim 3676 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3677 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to the first conductor. ### Claim 3678 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the conduit with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3679 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3680 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3681 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3682 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casino to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3683 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3684 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor. ### Claim 3685 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3686 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor, and wherein the method further comprises maintaining a location of the substantially low resistance conductor in the overburden casing with a centralizer support. ### Claim 3687 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3688 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to the first conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3689 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising maintaining a sufficient pressure between the first conduit and the formation to substantially inhibit deformation of the first conduit. ### Claim 3690 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the first conduit. ### Claim 3691 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the first conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3692 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising inhibiting arcing between the first conductor and the first conduit with a fluid disposed within the first conduit. ### Claim 3693 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising removing a vapor from the opening using a perforated tube disposed proximate to the first conduit in the opening to control a pressure in the opening. ### Claim 3694 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid through a perforated tube disposed proximate to the first conduit in the opening. ### Claim 3695 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein a second conductor is disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor to form an electrical circuit. ### Claim 3696 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein a second conductor is disposed within the first conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor with a connector. ### Claim 3697 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein a second conductor is disposed within a second conduit and a third conductor is disposed within a third conduit, wherein the second conduit and the third conduit are disposed in different openings of the formation, wherein the first conductor is electrically coupled to the second conductor and the third conductor, and wherein the first, second, and third conductors are configured to operate in a 3-phase Y configuration. ### Claim 3698 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein a second conductor is disposed within the first conduit, wherein at least one sliding electrical connector is coupled to the first conductor and the second conductor, and wherein heat generated by at least the one sliding electrical connector is less than heat generated by the first conductor or the second conductor. ### Claim 3699 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, wherein the first conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3700 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through an orifice in the first conduit. ### Claim 3701 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising disposing a perforated tube proximate to the first conduit and flowing an oxidizing fluid through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3702 (depends on 3664) The method of claim 3664, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the carbon within the formation. ### Claim 3703 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is disposed within a first opening in the formation; a second conductor disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is disposed within a second opening in the formation; a third conductor disposed in a third conduit, wherein the third conduit is disposed within a third opening in the formation, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration, and wherein the first, second, and third conductors are configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the first, second, and third conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3704 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3705 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the first, second, and third conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3706 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the first, second, and third conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3707 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the first, second, and third openings comprise a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3708 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a first sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor and a second sliding electrical connector coupled to the second conductor and a third sliding electrical connector coupled to the third conductor. ### Claim 3709 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a first sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the first sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit. ### Claim 3710 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a second sliding electrical connector coupled to the second conductor, wherein the second sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the second conduit. ### Claim 3711 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a third sliding electrical connector coupled to the third conductor, wherein the third sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the third conduit. ### Claim 3712 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein each of the first, second, and third conduits comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from each of the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the first section of each of the conduits is less than heat radiated from the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the second section of each of the conduits. ### Claim 3713 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the fluid is configured to maintain a pressure within the first conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3714 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3715 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3716 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit arcing between the first, second, and third conductors and the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3717 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one tube disposed within the first, second, and third openings external to the first, second, and third conduits, wherein at least the one tube is configured to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the first, second, and third conduits and the first, second, and third openings to substantially inhibit deformation of the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3718 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3719 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3720 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein at least the one overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3721 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein at least the one overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3722 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of at least the one overburden casing and the first, second, and third openings. ### Claim 3723 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of at least the one overburden casing and the first, second, and third openings, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the first, second, and third opening and at least the one overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3724 (depends on 3703) The system of claim 3703, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3725 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor configurable to be disposed in a first conduit, wherein the first conduit is configurable to be disposed within a first opening in the formation; a second conductor configurable to be disposed in a second conduit, wherein the second conduit is configurable to be disposed within a second opening in the formation; a third conductor configurable to be disposed in a third conduit, wherein the third conduit is configurable to be disposed within a third opening in the formation, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configurable to be electrically coupled in a 3-phase Y configuration, and wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the first, second, and third conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3726 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3727 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the first, second, and third conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3728 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the first, second and third conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3729 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the first, second, and third opening comprise a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3730 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a first sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor and a second sliding electrical connector coupled to the second conductor and a third sliding electrical connector coupled to the third conductor. ### Claim 3731 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a first sliding electrical connector coupled to the first conductor, wherein the first sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the first conduit. ### Claim 3732 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a second sliding electrical connector coupled to the second conductor wherein the second sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the second conduit. ### Claim 3733 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a third sliding electrical connector coupled to the third conductor, wherein the third sliding electrical connector is further coupled to the third conduit. ### Claim 3734 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein each of the first, second, and third conduits comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from each of the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the first section of each of the conduits is less than heat radiated from the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the second section of each of the conduits. ### Claim 3735 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the fluid is configurable to maintain a pressure within the first conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3736 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3737 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3738 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising a fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit arcing between the first, second, and third conductors and the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3739 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one tube disposed within the first, second, and third openings external to the first, second, and third conduits, wherein at least the one tube is configurable to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the first, second, and third conduits and the first, second, and third openings to substantially inhibit deformation of the first, second, and third conduits during use. ### Claim 3740 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the first, second, and third conductors are further configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3741 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3742 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein at least the one overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3743 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein at least the one overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3744 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second, and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of at least the one overburden casing and the first, second, and third openings. ### Claim 3745 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, further comprising at least one overburden casing coupled to the first, second and third openings, wherein at least the one overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of at least the one overburden casing and the first, second, and third openings, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the first, second, and third opening and at least the one overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3746 (depends on 3725) The system of claim 3725, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3747 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to a first conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the first conductor is disposed in a first conduit, and wherein the first conduit is disposed within a first opening in the formation; applying an electrical current to a second conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the second conductor is disposed in a second conduit, and wherein the second conduit is disposed within a second opening in the formation; applying an electrical current to a third conductor to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein the third conductor is disposed in a third conduit, and wherein the third conduit is disposed within a third opening in the formation; and allowing the heat to transfer from the first, second, and third conductors to a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3748 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, wherein the first, second, and third conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3749 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, wherein the first, second, and third conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3750 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, wherein the first, second, and third conduits comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3751 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 3752 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the first, second, and third conduits using an electromagnetic signal provided to the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3753 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3754 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to the first, second, and third conductors. ### Claim 3755 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the first, second, and third conduits with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3756 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising maintaining a sufficient pressure between the first, second, and third conduits and the first, second, and third openings to substantially inhibit deformation of the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3757 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3758 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the first, second, and third conduits, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3759 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising inhibiting arcing between the first, second, and third conductors and the first, second, and third conduits with a fluid disposed within the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3760 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising removing a vapor from the first, second, and third openings using at least one perforated tube disposed proximate to the first, second, and third conduits in the first, second, and third openings to control a pressure in the first, second, and third openings. ### Claim 3761 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, wherein the first, second, and third conduits comprise a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the first section of the first, second, and third conduits is less than heat radiated from the first, second, and third conductors to the section along the second section of the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3762 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747 further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through an orifice in the first, second, and third conduits. ### Claim 3763 (depends on 3747) The method of claim 3747, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the carbon within the formation. ### Claim 3764 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is disposed within an opening in the formation; and a second conductor disposed in the conduit, wherein the second conductor is electrically coupled to the first conductor with a connector, and wherein the first and second conductors are configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from the first and second conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3765 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the first conductor is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3766 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the first and second conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3767 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the first and second conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3768 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3769 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit. ### Claim 3770 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3771 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3772 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3773 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first and second conductors, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3774 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first and second conductors, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3775 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3776 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to maintain a pressure within the conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of he conduit during use. ### Claim 3777 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3778 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3779 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit arcing between the first and second conductors and the conduit during use. ### Claim 3780 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the conduit, wherein the tube is configured to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3781 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the first and second conductors are further configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3782 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3783 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3784 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3785 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3786 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3787 (depends on 3764) The system of claim 3764, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3788 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: a first conductor configurable to be disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation; and a second conductor configurable to be disposed in the conduit, wherein the second conductor is configurable to be electrically coupled to the first conductor with a connector, and wherein the first and second conductors are further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from the first and second conductors to a selected section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3789 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the first conductor is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to the first conductor. ### Claim 3790 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the first and second conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3791 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the first and second conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3792 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3793 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit. ### Claim 3794 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3795 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of the first and second conductors within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3796 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3797 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first and second conductors, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3798 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to the first and second conductors, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3799 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3800 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to maintain a pressure within the conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3801 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3802 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3803 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit arcing between the first and second conductors and the conduit during use. ### Claim 3804 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the conduit, wherein the tube is configurable to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3805 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the first and second conductors are further configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3806 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3807 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3808 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3809 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3810 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3811 (depends on 3788) The system of claim 3788, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3812 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to at least two conductors to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein at least the two conductors are disposed within a conduit, wherein the conduit is disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein at least the two conductors are electrically coupled with a connector; and allowing heat to transfer from at least the two conductors to a selected section of the formation. ### Claim 3813 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, wherein at least the two conductors comprise a pipe. ### Claim 3814 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, wherein at least the two conductors comprise stainless steel. ### Claim 3815 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3816 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the two conductors in the conduit with a centralizer. ### Claim 3817 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the two conductors in the conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3818 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the two conductors in the conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3819 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 3820 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the conduit using an electromagnetic signal provided to the conduit. ### Claim 3821 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3822 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to at least the two conductors. ### Claim 3823 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the conduit with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3824 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3825 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3826 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3827 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3828 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3829 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising maintaining a sufficient pressure between the conduit and the formation to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit. ### Claim 3830 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the conduit. ### Claim 3831 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3832 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising inhibiting arcing between at least the two conductors and the conduit with a fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3833 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising removing a vapor from the opening using a perforated tube disposed proximate to the conduit in the opening to control a pressure in the opening. ### Claim 3834 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid through a perforated tube disposed proximate to the conduit in the opening. ### Claim 3835 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, wherein the conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3836 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through an orifice in the conduit. ### Claim 3837 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising disposing a perforated tube proximate to the conduit and flowing an oxidizing fluid through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3838 (depends on 3812) The method of claim 3812, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the carbon within the formation. ### Claim 3839 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one conductor disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein at least the one conductor is configured to provide heat to at least a first portion of the formation during use; at least one sliding connector, wherein at least the one sliding connector is coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein at least the one sliding connector is configured to provide heat during use, and wherein heat provided by at least the one sliding connector is substantially less than the heat provided by at least the one conductor during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from at least the one conductor to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3840 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein at least the one conductor is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3841 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein at least the one conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3842 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein at least the one conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3843 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3844 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of at least the one conductor within the conduit. ### Claim 3845 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3846 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a centralizer configured to maintain a location of at least the one conductor within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3847 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3848 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3849 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3850 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein the conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3851 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to maintain a pressure within the conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3852 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3853 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3854 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit arcing between at least the one conductor and the conduit during use. ### Claim 3855 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the conduit, wherein the tube is configured to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3856 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein at least the one conductor is further configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3857 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3858 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3859 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3860 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3861 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3862 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3863 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3864 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing and a centralizer configured to support the substantially low resistance conductor within the overburden casing. ### Claim 3865 (depends on 3839) The system of claim 3839, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3866 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one conductor configurable to be disposed in a conduit, wherein the conduit is configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, and wherein at least the one conductor is further configurable to provide heat to at least a first portion of the formation during use; at least one sliding connector, wherein at least the one sliding connector is configurable to be coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein at least the one sliding connector is further configurable to provide heat during use, and wherein heat provided by at least the one sliding connector is substantially less than the heat provided by at least the one conductor during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from at least the one conductor to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3867 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein at least the one conductor is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3868 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein at least the one conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3869 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein at least the one conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3870 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3871 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of at least the one conductor within the conduit. ### Claim 3872 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of at least the one conductor within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3873 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a centralizer configurable to maintain a location of at least the one conductor within the conduit, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3874 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3875 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3876 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3877 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein the conduit comprises a first section and a second section, wherein a thickness of the first section is greater than a thickness of the second section such that heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the first section of the conduit is less than heat radiated from the first conductor to the section along the second section of the conduit. ### Claim 3878 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to maintain a pressure within the conduit to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3879 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3880 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a thermally conductive fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3881 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a fluid disposed within the conduit, wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit arcing between at least the one conductor and the conduit during use. ### Claim 3882 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising a tube disposed within the opening external to the conduit, wherein the tube is configurable to remove vapor produced from at least the heated portion of the formation such that a pressure balance is maintained between the conduit and the opening to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit during use. ### Claim 3883 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein at least the one conductor is further configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3884 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3885 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3886 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3887 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3888 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3889 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3890 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3891 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening and a substantially low resistance conductor disposed within the overburden casing and a centralizer configurable to support the substantially low resistance conductor within the overburden casing. ### Claim 3892 (depends on 3866) The system of claim 3866, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3893 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to at least one conductor and at least one sliding connector to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein at least the one conductor and at least the one sliding connector are disposed within a conduit, and wherein heat provided by at least the one conductor is substantially greater than heat provided by at least the one sliding connector; and allowing the heat to transfer from at least the one conductor and at least the one sliding connector to a section of the formation. ### Claim 3894 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, wherein at least the one conductor comprises a pipe. ### Claim 3895 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, wherein at least the one conductor comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3896 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, wherein the conduit comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3897 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the one conductor in the conduit with a centralizer. ### Claim 3898 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the one conductor in the conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material. ### Claim 3899 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising maintaining a location of at least the one conductor in the conduit with a centralizer, wherein the centralizer comprises ceramic material and stainless steel. ### Claim 3900 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 3901 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in the conduit using an electromagnetic signal provided to the conduit. ### Claim 3902 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3903 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3904 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising monitoring a temperature in the conduit with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3905 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3906 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3907 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3908 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3909 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with a packing material. ### Claim 3910 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor. ### Claim 3911 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor, and wherein the substantially low resistance conductor comprises carbon steel. ### Claim 3912 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a substantially low resistance conductor is disposed within the overburden casing, wherein the substantially low resistance conductor is electrically coupled to at least the one conductor, and wherein the method further comprises maintaining a location of the substantially low resistance conductor in the overburden casing with a centralizer support. ### Claim 3913 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3914 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the one conductor, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper. ### Claim 3915 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising maintaining a sufficient pressure between the conduit and the formation to substantially inhibit deformation of the conduit. ### Claim 3916 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the conduit. ### Claim 3917 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising providing a thermally conductive fluid within the conduit, wherein the thermally conductive fluid comprises helium. ### Claim 3918 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising inhibiting arcing between the conductor and the conduit with a fluid disposed within the conduit. ### Claim 3919 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising removing a vapor from the opening using a perforated tube disposed proximate to the conduit in the opening to control a pressure in the opening. ### Claim 3920 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising flowing a corrosion inhibiting fluid through a perforated tube disposed proximate to the conduit in the opening. ### Claim 3921 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through an orifice in the conduit. ### Claim 3922 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising disposing a perforated tube proximate to the conduit and flowing an oxidizing fluid through the perforated tube. ### Claim 3923 (depends on 3893) The method of claim 3893, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the carbon within the formation. ### Claim 3924 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3925 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3926 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3927 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configured to support at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3928 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configured to support at least the one elongated member, and wherein the support member comprises openings. ### Claim 3929 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configured to support at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member comprises openings, wherein the openings are configured to flow a fluid along a length of at least the one elongated member during use, and wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use. ### Claim 3930 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a tube disposed in the opening, wherein the tube comprises openings, wherein the openings are configured to flow a fluid along a length of at least the one elongated member during use, and wherein the fluid is configured to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use. ### Claim 3931 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the centralizer is configured to electrically isolate at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3932 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the centralizer is configured to maintain a location of at least the one elongated member on the support member. ### Claim 3933 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3934 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3935 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3936 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper wire. ### Claim 3937 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3938 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3939 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3940 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3941 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein at least the one elongated member is configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3942 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising a perforated tube disposed in the opening external to at least the one elongated member, wherein the perforated tube is configured to remove vapor from the opening to control a pressure in the opening during use. ### Claim 3943 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3944 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3945 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3946 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3947 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing, coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3948 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3949 (depends on 3924) The system of claim 3924, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3950 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; and wherein the system is configurable to allow heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 3951 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3952 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3953 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configurable to support at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3954 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configurable to support at least the one elongated member, and wherein the support member comprises openings. ### Claim 3955 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member is configurable to support at least the one elongated member, wherein the support member comprises openings, wherein the openings are configurable to flow a fluid along a length of at least the one elongated member during use, and wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use. ### Claim 3956 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a tube disposed in the opening, wherein the tube comprises openings, wherein the openings are configurable to flow a fluid along a length of at least the one elongated member during use, and wherein the fluid is configurable to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use. ### Claim 3957 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the centralizer is configurable to electrically isolate at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3958 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and a support member coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the centralizer is configurable to maintain a location of at least the one elongated member on the support member. ### Claim 3959 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 3960 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3961 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 3962 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper wire. ### Claim 3963 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3964 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3965 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 3966 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 3967 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, wherein at least the one elongated member is configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 3968 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising a perforated tube disposed in the opening external to at least the one elongated member, wherein the perforated tube is configurable to remove vapor from the opening to control a pressure in the opening during use. ### Claim 3969 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3970 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3971 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 3972 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 3973 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 3974 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 3975 (depends on 3950) The system of claim 3950, where in the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 3976 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to at least one elongated member to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is disposed within an opening of the formation; and allowing heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation. ### Claim 3977 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises a metal strip. ### Claim 3978 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises a metal rod. ### Claim 3979 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 3980 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member. ### Claim 3981 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member, wherein the center support member comprises a tube. ### Claim 3982 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically isolating at least the one elongated member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3983 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising laterally spacing at least the one elongated member with a centralizer. ### Claim 3984 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically coupling at least the one elongated member in a series configuration. ### Claim 3985 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically coupling at least the one elongated member in a parallel configuration. ### Claim 3986 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 3987 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in at least the one elongated member using an electromagnetic signal provided to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3988 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 3989 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3990 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising monitoring a temperature in at least the one elongated member with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 3991 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member, wherein the center support member comprises openings, the method further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through the openings to substantially inhibit carbon deposition proximate to or on at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3992 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through a tube disposed proximate to at least the one elongated member to substantially inhibit carbon deposition proximate to or on at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3993 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising flowing an oxidizing fluid through an opening in at least the one elongated member to substantially inhibit carbon deposition proximate to or on at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 3994 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 3995 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the one elongated member using a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 3996 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising electrically coupling a lead-in conductor to at least the one elongated member using a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 3997 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 3998 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 3999 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in cement. ### Claim 4000 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 4001 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising coupling an overburden casing to the opening, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the method further comprises inhibiting a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing with the packing material. ### Claim 4002 (depends on 3976) The method of claim 3976, further comprising heating at least the portion of the formation to substantially pyrolyze at least some of the carbon within the formation. ### Claim 4003 A system configured to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is configured to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; an oxidizing fluid source; a conduit disposed within the opening, wherein the conduit is configured to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to the opening during use, and wherein the oxidizing fluid is selected to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use; and wherein the system is configured to allow heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 4004 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 4005 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configured to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4006 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is coupled to the conduit, wherein the conduit is further configured to support at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4007 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is coupled to the conduit, wherein the conduit is further configured to support at least the one elongated member, and wherein the conduit comprises openings. ### Claim 4008 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and the conduit, wherein the centralizer is configured to electrically isolate at least the one elongated member from the conduit. ### Claim 4009 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and the conduit, wherein the centralizer is configured to maintain a location of at least the one elongated member on the conduit. ### Claim 4010 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 4011 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configured to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 4012 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 4013 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper wire. ### Claim 4014 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 4015 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 4016 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 4017 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 4018 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein at least the one elongated member is configured to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 4019 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising a perforated tube disposed in the opening external to at least the one elongated member, wherein the perforated tube is configured to remove vapor from the opening to control a pressure in the opening during use. ### Claim 4020 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 4021 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 4022 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 4023 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 4024 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 4025 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configured to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 4026 (depends on 4003) The system of claim 4003, wherein the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 4027 A system configurable to heat a coal formation, comprising: at least one elongated member configurable to be disposed within an opening in the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configurable to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation during use; a conduit configurable to be disposed within the opening, wherein the conduit is further configurable to provide an oxidizing fluid from the oxidizing fluid source to the opening during use, and wherein the system is configurable to allow the oxidizing fluid to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member during use; and wherein the system is further configurable to allow heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation during use. ### Claim 4028 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 4029 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is further configurable to generate heat during application of an electrical current to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4030 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is coupled to the conduit, wherein the conduit is further configurable to support at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4031 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is coupled to the conduit, wherein the conduit is further configurable to support at least the one elongated member and wherein the conduit comprises openings. ### Claim 4032 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and the conduit, wherein the centralizer is configurable to electrically isolate at least the one elongated member from the conduit. ### Claim 4033 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a centralizer coupled to at least the one elongated member and the conduit, wherein the centralizer is configurable to maintain a location of at least the one elongated member on the conduit. ### Claim 4034 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein the opening comprises a diameter of at least approximately 5 cm. ### Claim 4035 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a low resistance conductor configurable to generate substantially no heat. ### Claim 4036 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises a rubber insulated conductor. ### Claim 4037 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member, wherein the lead-in conductor comprises copper wire. ### Claim 4038 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor. ### Claim 4039 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a lead-in conductor coupled to at least the one elongated member with a cold pin transition conductor, wherein the cold pin transition conductor comprises a substantially low resistance insulated conductor. ### Claim 4040 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a series electrical configuration. ### Claim 4041 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is arranged in a parallel electrical configuration. ### Claim 4042 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, wherein at least the one elongated member is configurable to generate radiant heat of approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m during use. ### Claim 4043 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising a perforated tube disposed in the opening external to at least the one elongated member, wherein the perforated tube is configurable to remove vapor from the opening to control a pressure in the opening during use. ### Claim 4044 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation. ### Claim 4045 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing comprises steel. ### Claim 4046 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein the overburden casing is further disposed in cement. ### Claim 4047 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, and wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening. ### Claim 4048 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material comprises cement. ### Claim 4049 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, further comprising an overburden casing coupled to the opening, wherein the overburden casing is disposed in an overburden of the formation, wherein a packing material is disposed at a junction of the overburden casing and the opening, and wherein the packing material is further configurable to substantially inhibit a flow of fluid between the opening and the overburden casing during use. ### Claim 4050 (depends on 4027) The system of claim 4027, where in the heated section of the formation is substantially pyrolyzed. ### Claim 4051 An in situ method for heating a coal formation, comprising: applying an electrical current to at least one elongated member to provide heat to at least a portion of the formation, wherein at least the one elongated member is disposed within an opening in the formation; providing an oxidizing fluid to at least the one elongated member to substantially inhibit carbon deposition on or proximate to at least the one elongated member; and allowing heat to transfer from at least the one elongated member to a section of the formation. ### Claim 4052 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises a metal strip. ### Claim 4053 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises a metal rod. ### Claim 4054 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, wherein at least the one elongated member comprises stainless steel. ### Claim 4055 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member. ### Claim 4056 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member, wherein the center support member comprises a tube. ### Claim 4057 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising electrically isolating at least the one elongated member with a centralizer. ### Claim 4058 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising laterally spacing at least the one elongated member with a centralizer. ### Claim 4059 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising electrically coupling at least the one elongated member in a series configuration. ### Claim 4060 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising electrically coupling at least the one elongated member in a parallel configuration. ### Claim 4061 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, wherein the provided heat comprises approximately 650 W/m to approximately 1650 W/m. ### Claim 4062 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising determining a temperature distribution in at least the one elongated member using an electromagnetic signal provided to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4063 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising monitoring the applied electrical current. ### Claim 4064 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising monitoring a voltage applied to at least the one elongated member. ### Claim 4065 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising monitoring a temperature in at least the one elongated member with at least one thermocouple. ### Claim 4066 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, further comprising supporting at least the one elongated member on a center support member, wherein the center support member comprises openings, wherein providing the oxidizing fluid to at least the one elongated member comprises flowing the oxidizing fluid through the openings in the center support member. ### Claim 4067 (depends on 4051) The method of claim 4051, wherein providing the oxidizing fluid to at least the one elongated member comprises flowing the oxidizing fluid through orifices in a tube disposed in the opening proximate to at least the one elongated member.