Azepinoindole and pyridoindole derivatives as pharmaceutical agents

The compound of formula (Ia):

• 106
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR4, —SR14, —N(R15)R16—N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R3 is —C(O)R10;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10 is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl,
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or
• R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and R14 and R17 are as described above;
• or
• R20, R21 and R22 are each independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl;
• or
• R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31 or —C(O)N(R32)R33,
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl optionally substituted heteroaryl or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or
• R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene;

A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 108
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14;
• —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R3)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R11, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R2)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7 or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R15, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14 R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R2′, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, * alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR4OR41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene;
• with the proviso that if R8 is hydrogen or —OCH3, then R3 is not hydrogen, methyl, acetyl, —CH2C6H5, —CH(CH3)C6H5, CH(CH3)naphthyl or —C(O)OC2H5, and
• with the proviso that if R3 is hydrogen, then R8 is not hydrogen, nitro, lower alkoxy, halo or hydroxy.

A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder in which nuclear receptor activity is implicated, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 109
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R15 and C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24) R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R6, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20 R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23 R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R25 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R3)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1, 2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR4OR41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of preventing or reducing the risk of occurrence of, or complications arising from, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic disease, atherosclerotic disease events, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Syndrome X diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes, insulin insensitivity, hyperglycemia, cholestasis and obesity in a subject, comprising administering a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 111
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of reducing plasma cholesterol levels, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 112
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR4, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R5 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20 R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23 R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of reducing plasma triglyceride levels in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 113
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17) N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17) N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR3′, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder which is affected by abnormal cholesterol, triglyceride, or bile acid levels, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 114
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R2, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR4, —SR14, —S(O)2R4, —N(R15)R6, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22—C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R2)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of modulating cholesterol metabolism, catabolism, synthesis, absorption, re-absorption, secretion or excretion in a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 115
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10—S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)O12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1, 2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of modulating triglyceride metabolism, catabolism, synthesis, absorption, re-absorption, secretion or excretion in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 116
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR4, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16—N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR4, —C(O)N(R15)R6, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R16, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R5, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23 R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —NR4OR41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.

A method of modulating bile acid metabolism, catabolism, synthesis, absorption, re-absorption, secretion, excretion or bile acid pool composition in a mammal comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):

• 117
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:
• n is 0 to 4;
• A is —N(R9)—, —O— or —S(O)t— (where t is 0 to 2);
• R1 and R2 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• —N(R17)N(R15)R16, —N(R17)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR14, —C(S)OR14, —C(O)SR14, —C(O)N(R15)R16, —C(O)N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R15)N═R16 and —C(O)N(R17)N(R15)R16;
• or —C(O)N(R17) N(R15)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R1 and R2, together with the atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R10, —C(O)OR10, —S(O)2R10, —C(O)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)R12, —C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)R10, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)R12, —N(R13)C(O)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R10)C(O)N(R3)N(R11)R12, —N(R10)C(O)N(R13)N(R11)S(O)2R43, —N(R13)C(O)OR10, —P(O)OR10, or —P(O)(OR19)OR12;
• R4, R5, R6 and R7 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —OR14, —SR14, —S(O)2R14, —N(R15)R16, —N(R15)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R18, —C(O)OR20, —C(O)N(R21)R22, —C(O)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)R22;
• or —C(O)N(R42)N(R21)S(O)2R43;
• or
• R4 and R5, or R4 and R6, or R4 and R7, or R5 and R6, or R5 and R7, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl ring, or together form a double bond and the others of R4, R5, R6 and R7 are as described above;
• or R6 and R7 together form an oxo, thioxo, optionally substituted imine, optionally substituted oxime or an optionally substituted hydrazone, or R6 and R7, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted exocyclic double bond, and R4 and R5 are as described above;
• R8 is each independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, halo, pseudohalo, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR23, —C(O)N(R24)R25, —C(O)N(R24)S(O)2R43, —C(O)R26, —OR27, —SR27, —C(S)OR23, —C(O)SR23—N(R28)R29, and —N(R28)S(O)2R43, or
• two adjacent R8 groups, together with the carbons to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, —C(O)R10 or —S(O)2R43;
• R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R11 and R12 and/or R12 and R19, together with the atoms to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• and the others of R10, R11, R12, R13 and R19 are selected as in (a), above;
• R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) or R15 and R6, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are selected as in (a) above,
• R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R20, R21, R22 and R42 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R21 and R22, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl ring, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R20, R21, R22 and R42 are selected as in (a), above;
• R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R23, R24, R25 and R26 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R24 and R25, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R23, R24, R25 and R26 are selected as in (a) above;
• R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R27, R28 and R29 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R30, —C(O)OR31, —C(O)N(R32)R33, —C(O)N(R32)S(O)2R43, —C(O)SR31, —C(S)OR31, or —C(S)N(R32)R33;
• or (b) R28 and R29 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring, and the others of R27, R28 and R29 are selected as in (a), above;
• R30 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R31 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• R32 and R33 are selected as in (a) or (b) as follows:
• (a) R32 and R33 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• or (b) R32 and R33, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted heterocyclic or an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;
• R43 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl;
• each of R1-R33, R42 and R43, when substituted, are substituted with one or more substituents, each independently selected from Q1;
• Q1 is halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, heterocyclylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, heteroaralkylcarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, cycloalkylamidino, heterocyclylamidino, heterocyclylalkylamidino, arylamidino, aralkylamidino, heteroarylamidino, heteroaralkylamidino arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocyclylamino, heterocyclylalkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, aralkylamino, heteroaralkylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclylalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkythiol, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substituted atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q1 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene;
• each Q1 is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from Q2;
• each Q2 is independently halo, pseudohalo, hydroxy, oxo, thia, nitrile, nitro, formyl, mercapto, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonylalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, polyhaloalkyl, aminoalkyl, diaminoalkyl, alkenyl containing 1 to 2 double bonds, alkynyl, containing 1 to 2 triple bonds, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, trialkylsilyl, dialkylarylsilyl, alkyldiarylsilyl, triarylsilyl, alkylidene, arylalkylidene, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylalkyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl, arylalkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaralkoxy, heterocyclyloxy, cycloalkoxy, perfluoroalkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, aralkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, aralkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, aralkoxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyloxy, alkylaminocarbonyloxy, dialkylaminocarbonyloxy, alkylarylaminocarbonyloxy, diarylaminocarbonyloxy, guanidine, isothioureido, amidino, alkylamidino, arylamidino, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, arylaminoalkyl, diarylaminoalkyl, alkylarylaminoalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylarylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aralkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxycarbonylaminoalkyl, aryloxyarylcarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, heteroarylsulfonylamino, heterocyclylsulfonylamino, heteroarylthio, azido, —N+(R34)(R35)R36, —P(R37)2, —P(O)(R37)2, —OP(O)(R37)2, —N(R38)C(O)R39, dialkylphosphonyl, alkylarylphosphonyl, diarylphosphonyl, hydroxyphosphonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, perfluoroalkylthio, hydroxycarbonylalkylthio, thiocyano, isothiocyano, alkylsulfinyloxy, alkylsulfonyloxy, arylsulfinyloxy, arylsulfonyloxy, hydroxysulfonyloxy, alkoxysulfonyloxy, aminosulfonyloxy, alkylaminosulfonyloxy, dialkylaminosulfonyloxy, arylaminosulfonyloxy, diarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylarylaminosulfonyloxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, hydroxysulfonyl, alkoxysulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, diarylaminosulfonyl, or alkylarylaminosulfonyl;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute atoms in a 1,2 or 1,3 arrangement, together form alkylene, oxaalkylene, alkylenedioxy, thioalkylenoxy or alkylenedithioxy;
• or
• two Q2 groups, which substitute the same atom, together form alkylene,
• R34, R35 and R36 are each independently hydrogen alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• R37 is hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or NR40R41;
• R38 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl;
• and
• R39 is alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl or —N(R40)R41;
• and
• R40 and R41 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heterocyclyl, or
• R40 and R41 together form alkylene, azaalkylene, oxaalkylene or thiaalkylene.