Sodium channel blockers

A compound represented by formula (I):

• 28
• wherein
• X is hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl, lower alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, lower alkyl-thio, phenyl-lower alkyl-thio, lower alkyl-sulfonyl, or phenyl-lower alkyl-sulfonyl;
• Y is hydrogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, lower alkoxy, lower alkyl-thio, halogen, lower alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted mononuclear aryl, or —N(R2)2;
• R1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
• each R2 is, independently, —R7, —(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10 , —(CH2)n-Zg-R7,—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, or
• 29
• R3 and R4 are each, independently, hydrogen, a group represented by formula (A), lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, phenyl, phenyl-lower alkyl, (halophenyl)-lower alkyl, lower-(alkylphenylalkyl), lower alkoxyphenyl)-lower alkyl, naphthyl-lower alkyl, or pyridyl-lower alkyl, with the proviso that at least one of R3 and R4 is a group represented by formula (A):
• 30
• wherein
• each RL is, independently, —R7, —(CH2)n—OR8, —O—(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)n—NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10,—(CH2)n-(Z)g-R7, —O—(CH2)m-(Z)g-R7, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, —O—(CH2)m—CO2R7, —OSO3H, —O-glucuronide, —O-glucose, or
• 31
• each x is, independently, O, NR7, C═O, CHOH, C═N—R6, or represents a single bond;
• each o is, independently, an integer from 0 to 10;
• each p is, independently, an integer from 0 to 10;
• with the proviso that (a) the sum of o and p in each contiguous chain is from 1 to 10 when x is O, NR7, C═O, or C═N—R6 or (b) that the sum of o and p in each contiguous chain is from 4 to 10 when x represents a single bond;
• each R6 is, independently, —R7, —OH, —OR11, —N(R7)2, —(CH2)m—OR8, —O—(CH2)m—OR8, —(CH2)n—NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—NR7R10, —(CH2)n(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—R8, —(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —O—(CH2CH2O)m—CH2CH2NR7R10, —(CH2)n—C(═O)NR7R10, —O—(CH2)m—C(═O)NR7R10,—(CH2)n-(Z)g-R7,—O—(CH2)m-(Z)g-R7, —(CH2)n—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —O—(CH2)m—NR10—CH2(CHOR8)(CHOR8)n—CH2OR8, —(CH2)n—CO2R7, —O—(CH2)m—CO2R7, —OSO3H, —O-glucuronide, —O-glucose,
• 32
• wherein when two R6 are —OR11 and are located adjacent to each other on a phenyl ring, the alkyl moieties of the two R6 may be bonded together to form a methylenedioxy group;
• each R7 is, independently, hydrogen or lower alkyl;
• each R8 is, independently, hydrogen, lower alkyl, —C(═O)—R11, glucuronide, 2-tetrahydropyranyl, or
• 33
• each R9 is, independently, —CO2R7, —CON(R7)2, —SO2CH3, or —C(═O)R7;
• each R10 is, independently, —H, —SO2CH3, —CO2R7, —C(═O)NR7R9, —C(═O)R7, or —CH2—(CHOH)n—CH2OH;
• each Z is, independently, CHOH, C(═O), CHNR7R10, C═NR10, or NR10;
• each R11 is, independently, lower alkyl;
• each g is, independently, an integer from 1 to 6;
• each m is, independently, an integer from 1 to 7;
• each n is, independently, an integer from 0 to 7;
• each Q is, independently, C—R5, C—R6, or a nitrogen atom, wherein at most three Q in a ring are nitrogen atoms;
• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and
• inclusive of all enantiomers, diastereomers, and racemic mixtures thereof.