Tomodensimetric medical imaging system, comprising an x-ray emitter (16), corresponding detection means (18) capable of measuring differences of absorption density of x-rays by the tissues of an anatomical zone examined, and a calculator (20) for processing signals output from the detection means (18) for producing an image of the said anatomical zone, the calculator (20) comprising image segmentation means (28) for identifying a region of interest in the said image and means (30, 32, 34, 36) for processing the segmented image for the identification of nodules present therein, wherein the calculator (20) furthermore comprises means (30) for modeling an ellipsoid inscribed within the region of interest for deciding that the image elements inscribed in this ellipsoid correspond to a nodule, and means (32, 34) for analysis by mathematical morphology for identifying, in each zone of the region of interest extending outside the ellipsoid, the image elements not belonging to the nodule.