Nonaqueous secondary battery, constituent elements of battery, and materials thereof

A carbon material obtained by adding an aromatic compound of 2 to 10 rings to a resin before curing, and heating the cured resin after reaction between the aromatic compound and the resin.

A manufacturing method of a carbon material obtained by adding an aromatic compound of 2 to 10 rings to a resin before curing, and heating the cured resin.

A manufacturing method of a carbon material obtained by adding an aromatic compound of 2 to 10 rings to a resin before curing, and heating the cured resin after reaction between the aromatic compound and the resin.

An electrochemical element comprising a gel or solid ion conductor containing an ion having a structure shown in (I) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 7
• (R1 and R2 are groups having an aliphatic carbon directly bonded to a nitrogen atom)

An electrochemical element comprising a gel or solid ion conductor containing an ion having a structure shown in (II) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 8
• (R3 is an aromatic group, and R4, R5, R6 are groups having an aliphatic carbon directly bonded to a nitrogen atom)
• (II)

A gel or solid ion conductor comprising an ion containing a structure shown in (III) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 9
• (R8 and R9 are groups having an aliphatic carbon directly bonded to a nitrogen atom, and R10 is a group containing at least aliphatic carbon)
• (III)

A gel or solid ion conductor comprising an ion containing a structure shown in (IV) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 10
• (R14, R15, R16 and R17 are groups having an aliphatic carbon directly bonded to a nitrogen atom, and at least one of R11, R12 and R13 is an aromatic group, and non-aromatic groups are groups containing carbon)
• (IV)

A gel or solid ion conductor comprising an ion containing a structure shown in (V) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 11
• (R18 is a group containing at least aliphatic carbon)
• (V)

A gel or solid ion conductor comprising an ion containing a structure shown in (VI) or its derivative, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

• 12
• (R21 and R22 are groups having an aliphatic carbon directly bonded to a nitrogen atom)
• (VI)

A gel or solid ion conductor comprising ions having two or more structures selected from (I) to (VI) or structures derived therefrom within same ions, and different cations at least as coexistent ions.

A nonaqueous secondary battery having a positive electrode and a negative electrode for absorbing and releasing lithium ions, and using an ion conductor containing lithium ions as electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and negative electrode uses a material of which a structure of crystal lattice and an array structure of lithium ions inserted therein are in a mismatched relation, as an active material.

A vanadium oxide expressed in formula AxV4−zMzO11, where x is 0 or more to 4 or less, z is 0 or more to less than 4, and A and M are metal elements.

A vanadium oxide expressed in formula AxByV4−zMzO11, where x is 0 or more to 4 or less, y is 0 or more to 4 or less, z is 0 or more to less than 4, and A, B and M are metal elements.

An electrochemical element comprising a gel or solid ion conductor containing a nonionic high polymer, an ion having a structure shown in (1) or its derivative, and a cation different from an ion having a structure shown in (I) as a coexisting ion.

A lithium ion secondary battery characterized by using a flexible graphite sheet as a current collector.

A lithium ion secondary battery, wherein any one of lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, AV4O11, AxV4−zMzO11, AxByV4−zMzO11 (A, B and M are metal elements, x, y and z are 0 or more to 4 or less), or a mixture thereof is provided on the graphite sheet as a positive active material.