Methods for the preparation of beta-amino acids

A method of producing an β-amino acid, comprising:

• (a) catalyzing the conversion of an α-amino acid to a corresponding β-amino acid by utilizing a lysine 2,3-aminomutase as the catalyst, wherein the α-amino acid is selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-methionine, L-arginine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-histidine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-tryptophan, L-omithine, ε-N-methyl-L-lysine, N-acetyl-L-ornithine, α-aminobutyric acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, L-Citrulline, β-alanine, L-norleucine, L-norvaline, L-homoserine, L-homocysteine, L-homoarginine, L-homoglutamine, L-homophenylalanine, L-homocitrulline, L-ethionine, L-homomethionine, α-aminoheptanoic acid, 2-amino-4-hexenoic acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, 2-amino-4-methyl-hexanoic acid, 2-amino-4-methylhex-4-enoic acid, 2-amino-5-methylhex-4-enoic acid, α-aminooctanoic acid, α-amino-β-(2-methylenecyclopropyl)-propionic acid, α-aminoadipic acid, α-aminopimelic acid, ethylasparagine, N(5)-isopropylglutamine, N(4)-methylasparagine, γ-methylglutamic acid, γ-methyleneglutamic acid, γ-methyleneglutamine, α-amino-γ-N-acetylaminobutyric acid, β-N-(γ-glutamyl)aminopropionitrile, α-ε-diaminopimelic acid, O-acetylhomoserine, 2-amino-6-hydroxy-aminohexanoic acid, α-amino-δ-hydroxyvaleric acid, O-butylhomoserine, γ,δ-dihydroxyleucine, O-ethylhomoserine, N(5)-(2-hydroxyethyl)asparagine, γ-hydroxyglutamic acid, γ-hydroxyglutamine, ε-hydroxyaminonorleucine, δ-hydroxyleucine, δ-hydroxylysine, γ-hydroxynorvaline, γ-hydroxyornithine, γ-hydroxyvaline, γ-methyl-γ-hydroxy-glutamic acid, α-amino-β,β-dimethyl-γ-hydroxybutyric acid, O-propylhomoserine, O-succinylhomoserine, m-carboxytyrosine, m-carboxyphenylalanine, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylphenyalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, O-methyltyrosine, m-tyrosine, canavanine, α-amino-γ(guanylureido)valeric acid, γ-hydroxyarginine, γ-hydroxyhomoarginine, α-amino-ε-amidinocaproic acid, 2-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, alliin, 3-amino-(3-carboxy-propyldimethylsulfonium), homolanthionine, S-methylmethionine, thiolhistidine, tyrosine-O-sulfate, 2-amino-4,4-dichlorobutyric acid, 3,5-dibromotyrosine, 3,3′-diiodothyronine, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, 3-monobromotyrosine, 2-monoiodohistidine, monoiodotyrosine, thyroxine, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, and O-phosphohomoserine;
• and
• (b) isolating the β-amino acid.