Water treatment plan: two-stage filtration

Abstract

A water treatment plant with two-stage filtration for purification of surface water sources with low turbidity and low temperature. The flow rate of this integrated water treatment should be less than 2 m3/sec (≈46 mgd). The integrated two-stage filtration plant with one flash mixer, six roughing filters, with upward flow, six high rate dual media filters, with downwards flow, and a clearwell is recommended for surface water sources with turbidity less than 100 NTU, color less than 75 UC, coliform less than 20,000/100 mL, algae less than 2,000 ASU/mL, TOC less than 4 mg/L, iron less than 1.5 mg/L, taste and odor less than 5 TON, alkalinity less than 200 mg/L, hardness less than 150 mg/L. For maximum values of alkalinity and hardness given above, and for optimal value of pH, the color has to be less than 40 UC, when alum is to be used. Filter effluent turbidities are foreseen to be 0.1 NTU or less. Based on physical, chemical, microbiological and radiological data and the results of turbidity evaluation of surface waters by bench-scale tests (the standards jar tests) water quality parameters given above can be modified. In this water treatment plant the flow and water temperature changes are controlled hydraulically. Conceptually, six roughing filters and six high-rate dual media filters are self-backwashing with controlled backwash rate.

Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.