Emulsion polymerization process utilizing ethylenically unsaturated amine salts of sulfonic, phosphoric and carboxylic acids

A pre-polymerization mixture comprising:

• a) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
• and
• b) at least one polymerizable surface active agent;
• wherein the polymerizable, surface active agent is a salt or quaternary nitrogen compound comprising:
• a) at least one acid, wherein the acid is a sulfonic acid, a carboxylic acid, or a phosphoric acid, or a mixture thereof;
• and
• b) at least one nitrogenous base, wherein the nitrogenous base contains at least one nitrogen atom and at least one ethylenically unsaturated moiety;
• and

A polymer comprising:

• a) at least one monomer unit;
• and
• b) at least one surface active agent unit;
• wherein the monomer unit is derived from an ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
• wherein the surface active agent is derived from a polymerizable surface active agent;
• and wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer and the polymerizable surface active agent have co-polymerized to form the polymer.

A method for forming polymers comprising:

• a) preparing a mixture comprising:
• i) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
• ii) at least one acid, wherein the acid is a sulfonic acid, a carboxylic acid, or a phosphoric acid, or a mixture thereof;
• and
• iii) at least one nitrogenous base, wherein the nitrogenous base contains at least one nitrogen atom and at least one ethylenically unsaturated moiety;
• b) polymerizing the mixture.

A method for forming polymers comprising:

• a) preparing a mixture comprising:
• i) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer;
• ii) at least one homopolymeric surface active agent, the homopolymeric surface active agent being a polymer formed by polymerizing and/or co-polymerizing at least one polymerizable, surface active agent;
• wherein the polymerizable, surface active agent is a salt or quaternary nitrogen compound comprising:
• a) at least one acid, wherein the acid is a sulfonic acid, a carboxylic acid, or a phosphoric acid, or a mixture thereof;
• and
• b) at least one nitrogenous base, wherein the nitrogenous base contains at least one nitrogen atom and at least one ethylenically unsaturated moiety;
• b) polymerizing the mixture.