Regulation of phospholipase D activity
AssigneeThe Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc.
InventorCharles N. Serhan
Life of this patent
Estimating the term…
Abstract
Novel inhibitors of polyisoprenyl phosphate signaling regulates phopholipase D activity.
Claims16
A method for modulating a disease or condition associated with phospholipase D (PLD) initiated polymorphoneutrophil (PMN) inflammation in a subject, comprising
- administering to the subject an effective anti-inflammatory amount of a lipoxin analog having the formula
- 19
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 20
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 21
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such that a disease or condition associated with PLD initiated polymorphoneutrophil (PMN) inflammation in a subject is modulated.
A method for treating phospholipase D (PLD) initiated polymorphoneutrophil (PMN) inflammation in a subject, comprising
- administering to the subject an effective anti-inflammatory amount of a lipoxin analog having the formula
- 22
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 23
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 24
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such that PLD initiated polymorphoneutrophil (PMN) inflammation is treated in a subject.
A method for modulating a disease or condition associated with phosphlipase D (PLD) initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in a subject, comprising
- administering to the subject an effective anti-PLD amount of a lipoxin analog having the formula
- 25
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 26
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 27
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such that a disease or condition associated with PLD initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in a subject is modulated.
A method for treating phospholipase D (PLD) initiated superoxide generation or degranulation in a subject, comprising
- administering to the subject an effective anti-PLD amount of a lipoxin analog having the formula
- 28
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 29
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 30
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, such that PLD initiated superoxide generation or granulation is treated in a subject.
A packaged pharmaceutical composition for treating a disease or condition associated with phospholipase D (PLD) initiated activity in a subject, comprising:
- a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one lipoxin compound having the formula
- 31
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 32
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 33
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
- and
- instructions for using said lipoxin compound for treating a disease or condition associated with PLD initiated activity in the subject.
A packaged pharmaceutical composition for treating phospholipase D initiated activity in a subject, comprising:
- a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one lipoxin compound having the formula
- 34
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 35
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 36
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
- and
- instructions for using said lipoxin compound for treating PLD initiated activity in the subject.
A packaged pharmaceutical composition for treating a disease or condition associated with phospholipase D (PLD) initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in a subject, comprising:
- a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one lipoxin compound having the formula
- 37
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 38
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 39
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
- and
- instructions for using said lipoxin compound for treating a disease or condition associated with PLD initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in the subject.
A packaged pharmaceutical composition for treating phospholipase D (PLD) initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in a subject, comprising:
- a container holding a therapeutically effective amount of at least one lipoxin compound having the formula
- 40
- wherein X is R1, OR1, or SR1;
- wherein R1 is
- (i) a hydrogen atom;
- (ii) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- (iii) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms;
- (iv) an aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (v) phenyl;
- (vi) substituted phenyl
- 41
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl;
- (vii) a detectable label molecule;
- or
- (viii) a straight or branched chain alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- wherein Q1 is (C═O), SO2 or (CN), provided when Q1 is CN, then X is absent;
- wherein Q3 and Q4 are each independently O, S or NH;
- wherein one of R2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom and the other is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- (c) a cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive;
- (d) an alkenyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched;
- or
- (e) RaQ2Rb wherein Q2 is —O— or —S—;
- wherein Ra is alkylene of 0 to 6 carbons atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched and wherein Rb is alkyl of 0 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be straight chain or branched, provided when Rb is 0, then Rb is a hydrogen atom;
- wherein R4 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched;
- wherein R5 is
- 42
- wherein Zi, Zii, Ziii, Ziv and Zv are each independently selected from —NO2, —CN, —C(═O)—R1, —SO3H, a hydrogen atom, halogen, methyl, —ORx, wherein Rx is 1 to 8 carbon atoms, inclusive, which may be a straight chain or branched, and hydroxyl or a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched alkyl group;
- wherein Y1 is —OH, methyl, —SH, an alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched, an alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, or CHaZb where a+b=3, a=0 to 3, b=0 to 3 and Z is cyano, nitro or a halogen;
- wherein R6 is
- (a) H;
- (b) an alkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, straight chain or branched;
- wherein T is O or S, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;
- and
- instructions for using said lipoxin compound for treating PLD initiated superoxide generation or degranulation activity in the subject.
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.