# US 12,768,899 B2 · Intelligent power management system and method for monitoring battery integrity > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 12,768,899 B2 - Document ID: US12768899B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 18/907,907 - Filed: 2024-10-07 - Published: 2026-04-09 - Granted: 2026-10-20 - Earliest claimed: 2024-10-07 - Assignees: Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC - Applicants: Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC - Inventors: Hideo Kondo - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US12768899B2 ## CPC - G01R 31/392: Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health - G01R 31/371: with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers - G01R 31/3842: combining voltage and current measurements - G01R 31/389: Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables - H01M 10/425: {Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing (printed circuits H05K1/00)} - H01M 10/4285: {Testing apparatus} - H01M 10/486: {for measuring temperature} - H01M 2010/4271: {Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing} - G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12) - H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY ## Abstract A battery monitoring system for a battery of a battery electric system includes a sensor array, a processor, and memory. Execution of the instructions by a processor according to a method causes the processor to receive parameters of the battery from the sensor array, calculate a rate of increase of an internal resistance (ΔR ratio) of the battery across multiple states of charge of the battery, compare the ΔR ratio to one or more degradation thresholds, and record a corresponding degradation level of the battery in the memory when the ΔR ratio exceeds the degradation threshold(s). A state of health notice may be transmitted to a remote device. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A system for monitoring a battery of a battery electric system, the system comprising: a sensor array configured to measure a voltage, a current, and a temperature of the battery as a set of battery parameters; a processor; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (“memory”), the memory including instructions executable by the processor to cause the processor to: receive the set of battery parameters from the sensor array during a predetermined operating mode of the battery, the predetermined operating mode being a charging mode of the battery or a discharging mode of the battery; calculate, using the set of battery parameters, an internal resistance of the battery at two different states of charge of the battery; calculate, using the internal resistance of the battery at the two different states of charge of the battery, a rate of increase of an internal resistance of the battery across the two different states of charge of the battery as a delta resistance (AR) ratio; determine a degradation level of the battery using the AR ratio, including comparing the delta resistance (AR) ratio to a plurality of degradation thresholds; and execute a control action of the battery in response to the degradation level, including: recording the degradation level of the battery in the memory; and when the degradation level exceeds a predetermined one of the plurality of degradation thresholds: (i) commanding a disconnecting of the battery from a load, or (ii) commanding prevention of charging of the battery. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the processor to: calculate a first internal resistance (R1) of the battery at a first state of charge (SOC-1) of the battery using the battery parameters; calculate a second internal resistance (R2) of the battery at a second state of charge (SOC-2) of the battery using the battery parameters, the first state of charge (SOC-1) exceeding the second state of charge (SOC-2); and calculate the ΔR ratio as a function (ƒ) of the first internal resistance (R1) and the second resistance (R2), wherein ƒ=(R2−R1)/R1×100%. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the processor to: execute the control action of the battery in response to the degradation level, the control action including transmitting a state of health notice to a remote device. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the processor to compare the AR ratio to the plurality of degradation thresholds by comparing the AR ratio to each of: (i) a first degradation threshold corresponding to negligible degradation of the battery; (ii) a second degradation threshold corresponding to minor degradation of the battery; (iii) a third degradation threshold corresponding to moderate degradation of the battery; and (iv) a fourth degradation threshold corresponding to severe degradation of the battery. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The system of claim 4, wherein the first degradation threshold is about 25% to about 35%, the second degradation threshold is about 45% to about 55%, the third degradation threshold is about 55% to about 65%, and the fourth degradation threshold is about 80% to about 90%, and wherein the predetermined one of the degradation thresholds is the fourth degradation threshold. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the battery includes a lithium-ion battery pack, and wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the processor to: calculate the AR ratio of the battery across a first state of charge (SOC-1) of about 50% and a second state of charge (SOC-2) of about 10%, and wherein the two different states of charge include the first state of charge (SOC-1) and the second state of charge (SOC-2). ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The system of claim 1, wherein the control action includes disconnecting the battery from the load, the system further comprising: an electrical disconnect switch, wherein the battery is connectable to a load via the electrical disconnect switch, and wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the processor to command the electrical disconnect switch to open and thereby disconnect the battery from the load in response to the predetermined degradation level of the battery. ### Claim 8 A method for monitoring a battery in a battery electric system, the method comprising: measuring a set of battery parameters of the battery using a sensor array of a battery monitoring system; calculating an internal resistance of the battery at two different states of charge of the battery during a charging mode or a discharging mode of the battery; calculating, via a processor of the battery monitoring system using the internal resistance, a rate of increase of an internal resistance (ΔR ratio) of the battery across the two different states of charge of the battery; determine a corresponding degradation level of the battery using the ΔR ratio by comparing the ΔR ratio to a plurality of degradation thresholds; recording the corresponding degradation level of the battery in memory of the battery monitoring system; and executing a control action of the battery in response to the recording the corresponding degradation level, the control action including transmitting a state of health notice to a remote device, and, when the degradation level exceeds a predetermined threshold that is one of the plurality of degradation thresholds: (i) commanding a disconnecting of the battery from a load, or (ii) commanding prevention of charging of the battery. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the sensor array includes a voltage sensor, a current sensor, and a temperature sensor, and wherein measuring the set of battery parameters of the battery using the sensor array includes measuring a voltage, a current, and a temperature of the battery via the voltage sensor, the current sensor, and the temperature sensor, respectively. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, further comprising: calculating a first internal resistance (R1) of the battery at a first state of charge (SOC-1) of the battery using the voltage, the current, and the temperature; calculating a second internal resistance (R2) of the battery at a second state of charge (SOC-2) of the battery using the voltage, the current, and the temperature, wherein the multiple states of charge of the battery include the first state of charge (SOC-1) of the battery and the second state of charge (SOC-2) of the battery, the two different states of charge including the first state of charge (SOC01) and the second state of charge (SOC-2); calculating the ΔR ratio as a function (ƒ) of the first internal resistance (R1) and the second resistance (R2); and determining the degradation level of the battery by comparing the ΔR ratio to the one or more predetermined degradation thresholds, wherein ƒ=(R2−R1)/R1×100%. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein determining the degradation level of the battery by comparing the ΔR ratio to the one or more predetermined degradation thresholds includes comparing the ΔR ratio to a single degradation threshold. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, wherein: comparing the ΔR ratio to the plurality of the degradation thresholds includes comparing the ΔR ratio to: (i) a first degradation threshold corresponding to negligible degradation of the battery; (ii) a second degradation threshold corresponding to minor degradation of the battery; (iii) a third degradation threshold corresponding to moderate degradation of the battery; and (iv) a fourth degradation threshold corresponding to severe degradation of the battery. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein the first degradation threshold is about 25% to about 35%, the second degradation threshold is about 45% to about 55%, the third degradation threshold is about 55% to about 65%, and the fourth degradation threshold is about 80% to about 90%, and wherein the predetermined threshold is the fourth degradation threshold. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein the battery includes a lithium-ion battery pack, the first state of charge (SOC-1) is about 50%, and the second state of charge (SOC-2) is about 10%. ### Claim 15 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the control action includes disconnecting the battery from the load, and wherein the battery electric system includes an electrical disconnect switch and the battery is connectable to the load via the electrical disconnect switch, the method further comprising: commanding the electrical disconnect switch to open and thereby disconnect the battery from the load in response to the degradation level of the battery. ### Claim 16 A battery electric system for powering a load, comprising: an electrical disconnect switch; a battery that is selectively connectable to the load via the electrical disconnect switch; a sensor array connected to the battery and configured to measure a voltage, a current, and a temperature of the battery as battery parameters; and an electronic monitoring unit (EMU) having a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (“memory”), the memory including instructions executable by the processor to cause the EMU to: receive the battery parameters from the sensor array during a predetermined operating mode of the battery, the predetermined operating mode including a charging mode of the battery or a discharging mode of the battery; calculate a first internal resistance (R1) of the battery at a first state of charge (SOC-1) of the battery using the battery parameters; calculate a second internal resistance (R2) of the battery at a second state of charge (SOC-2) of the battery using the battery parameters, the first state of charge (SOC-1) exceeding the second state of charge (SOC-2); calculate a delta resistance (ΔR) ratio as a function (ƒ) of the first internal resistance (R1) and the second resistance (R2), wherein ƒ=(R2−R1)/R1×100%; determine the degradation level of the battery using the ΔR ratio; and execute a control action of the battery in response to the degradation level, including, when the degradation level exceeds a predetermined threshold that is one of the degradation thresholds: (i) commanding a disconnecting of the battery from the load, or (ii) commanding preventing a charging of the battery. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The battery electric system of claim 16, further comprising: the load. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The battery electric system of claim 17, wherein the load includes a wearable medical device. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The battery electric system of claim 16, wherein the instructions are executable by the processor to cause the EMU to compare the ΔR ratio to: (i) a first degradation threshold corresponding to negligible degradation of the battery; (ii) a second degradation threshold corresponding to minor degradation of the battery; (iii) a third degradation threshold corresponding to moderate degradation of the battery; and (iv) a fourth degradation threshold corresponding to severe degradation of the battery. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The battery electric system of claim 19, wherein the EMU is configured, as the control action in response to the degradation level exceeding the fourth degradation threshold, to command the electrical disconnect switch to open and thereby disconnect the battery from the load.